{"id":95,"date":"2021-06-13T17:38:35","date_gmt":"2021-06-14T00:38:35","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/stage.web.wsu.edu\/path-team\/?page_id=95"},"modified":"2024-10-20T21:17:11","modified_gmt":"2024-10-21T04:17:11","slug":"brassicaceae","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/brassicaceae\/","title":{"rendered":"Brassicaceae"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wsu-row  wsu-color-background--gray-5 wsu-row--sidebar-right\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wsu-cta \" >\n\t<a \t\t\t\t\thref=\"#General\"\t\n\t\tclass=\"wsu-button \">\n\t\t\t\n\t\tGeneral Disease Management\t\t\t<\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-cta \" >\n\t<a \t\t\t\t\thref=\"#AbioticProbCom\"\t\n\t\tclass=\"wsu-button \">\n\t\t\t\n\t\tCommon Abiotic Problems\t\t\t<\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wsu-cta \" >\n\t<a \t\t\t\t\thref=\"#DisCommonBrass\"\t\n\t\tclass=\"wsu-button \">\n\t\t\t\n\t\tDiseases\t\t\t<\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-cta \" >\n\t<a \t\t\t\t\thref=\"#InsectMite\"\t\n\t\tclass=\"wsu-button \">\n\t\t\t\n\t\tInsects\/Mites\t\t\t<\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-centered\" id=\"home\">Diseases Common to Brassica Vegetables<\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--thirds\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#BlackLeg\">Black leg<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#DownyMildew\">Downy mildew<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#WhiteLeaf\">White leaf spot<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/wp-admin\/post.php?post=95&amp;action=edit#BlackRot\">Black rot<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/wp-admin\/post.php?post=95&amp;action=edit#LightLeaf\">Light leaf spot<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/wp-admin\/post.php?post=95&amp;action=edit#WhiteMold\">White mold<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#Clubroot\">Clubroot<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#RingSpot\">Ring spot<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-centered\">Insects\/Mites<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#RootMaggots\">Root maggots (cabbage maggot and seedcorn maggot)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-centered\">Abiotic Problems Common to Brassica Vegetables<\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--halves\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#BoronDef\">Boron (B) deficiency<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#Edema\">Edema<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#Redheart\">Redheart<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#StemSplit\">Stem splitting<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-centered\">Problems on Specific Brassicaceae Crops<\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--halves\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/brassicaceae\/brassicaceae-cruciferous-weeds\/\">Brassicaceae (cruciferous) weeds<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/brassicaceae\/broccoli\/\">Broccoli<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/cabbage\/\">Cabbage<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/brassicaceae\/cauliflower\/\">Cauliflower<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/brassicaceae\/radish\/\">Radish<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--single\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">(Click on photo to enlarge)<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-centered\" id=\"General\">General Disease Management in Brassicas<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.extension.wsu.edu\/production-of-brassica-seed-crops-in-washington-state-a-case-study-on-the-complexities-of-coexistence\">Production of Brassica Seed Crops in Washington State<\/a>: A Case Study on the Complexities of Coexistence, Washington State University Extension Bulletin No. EM062E.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Crucifer Disease Guide&nbsp;&#8211; A Practical Guide for Seedsmen, Growers and Agricultural Advisors. Published by Seminis Vegetable Seeds, Inc.\u2019s Plant Health Department and Seed Health Departments.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Small-Scale Cost-Effective Hot Water Seed Treatment<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\" wsu-max-width--hero\">By Frank Morton (Wild Garden Seed), Tom Stearns (High Mowing Seeds), Nick Andrews (OSU Small Farms Extension)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wsu-max-width--hero\">Hot water seed treatment is an important way of reducing the risk of seed-borne diseases, especially for organic&nbsp;<em>Brassica<\/em>&nbsp;growers (seed, fresh market or processed market) now that Pacific Northwest growers are dealing with black leg and potential light leaf spot epidemics. Hot water treatment can improve our defense against diseases like blackleg, light leaf spot, Verticillium, Fusarium, Xanthomonas, Alternaria, Botrytis and many seed-bourne viruses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\" wsu-max-width--hero\">The authors have put together some slides with some practical ideas for low-cost and efficient hot water treatment.<br><a href=\"https:\/\/s3.wp.wsu.edu\/uploads\/sites\/2723\/2021\/06\/Small-scale-Hot-Water-Treatment-2016-02-29.pdf\">Download the Hot Water Treatment Slideshow (pdf)<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><a href=\"#home\">Return to the Top<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-centered\" id=\"DisCommonBrass\">Diseases Common to Brassica Vegetables<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-color-vineyard\" id=\"BlackLeg\">Black leg<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wsu-align-item--left wsu-max-width--hero\"><strong>Disease<\/strong>:&nbsp;Black leg<br><strong>Pathogens<\/strong>:&nbsp;<i>Phoma lingam&nbsp;<\/i>(sexual stage =<i>&nbsp;Leptosphaeria maculans<\/i>)<br><strong>Host crops:<\/strong>&nbsp;Most members of the Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) = cabbage family, including&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/brassicaceae\/broccoli\/#Blackleg\">broccoli<\/a>, Brussels sprouts,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/cabbage\/#Black\">cabbage<\/a>, canola,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/brassicaceae\/cauliflower\/#Black\">cauliflower<\/a>, various Chinese brassica vegetables, collard, kale, mizuna, mustard, oilseed rape, oilseed turnip rape, rutabaga, turnip, etc.),&nbsp;<em>Sinapis<\/em>&nbsp;(white and yellow mustard), and&nbsp;<em>Raphanus<\/em>&nbsp;(daikon and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/brassicaceae\/radish\/#Blackleg\">radish<\/a>). Several wild species exist that may be infected by&nbsp;<em>P. lingam<\/em>&nbsp;including&nbsp;<em>Descurainia&nbsp;<\/em>(tansymustard),&nbsp;<em>Sisymbrium<\/em>&nbsp;(hedge mustard), and&nbsp;<em>Thlaspi<\/em>&nbsp;(penny-cress). This is a quarantine disease in six counties in northwestern WA and all counties east of the Cascade Mountains because of the risk of this pathogen to the brassica vegetable seed industry.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--quarters\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/05cablst-hypocotyl-infection-with-pycnidia\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/brassicaceae-black-leg-1L-396x181.jpg\" alt=\"hypocotyl infection with pycnidia\" class=\"wp-image-680\" width=\"198\" height=\"91\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/brassicaceae-black-leg-1L-396x181.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/brassicaceae-black-leg-1L.jpg 1265w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Black leg symptoms on a cabbage seedling grown from an infested seed lot. Note the small, black fruiting bodies (pycnidia) on the hypocotyl of the seedling.<br><strong>Photo Source:<\/strong> Lindsey du Toit, Washington State University<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/05cablst-growout-trial-cotyledon-symptoms\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/brassicaceae-black-leg-2L-396x561.jpg\" alt=\"Black leg infection of a cabbage seedling\" class=\"wp-image-681\" width=\"198\" height=\"281\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/brassicaceae-black-leg-2L-396x561.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/brassicaceae-black-leg-2L.jpg 1049w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Black leg infection of the cotyledon of a cabbage seedling grown from an infested seed lot. Note the small, black fruiting bodies (pycnidia) on the cotyledon.<br><strong>Photo Source:<\/strong> Lindsey du Toit, Washington State University<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/black-leg-oozing-pycnidia\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/brassicaceae-black-leg-3L-396x297.jpg\" alt=\"growout trial \u2013 cotyledon symptoms on a brassicaceae plant\" class=\"wp-image-682\" width=\"198\" height=\"149\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/brassicaceae-black-leg-3L-396x297.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/brassicaceae-black-leg-3L.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Pycnidia of Phoma lingam on the base of the stem of a Brassica rapa plant, showing pink cirrhi oozing out of each pycnidium, containing thousands of conidia. The conidia are readily splash-dispersed.<br><strong>Photo Source:<\/strong> Lindsey du Toit, Washington State University<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/brassicaceae-black-leg-4l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/brassicaceae-black-leg-4L-scaled-1-396x297.jpg\" alt=\"Black leg symptoms at stem of an infected plant\" class=\"wp-image-683\" width=\"198\" height=\"149\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Black leg lesion at the base of the stem of an infected plant from a <i>Brassica rapa <\/i>seed crop. Note the small, black pycnidia embedded in the lesion.<br><strong>Photo Source:<\/strong> Cynthia Ocamb, Oregon State University<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--quarters\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/phoma-leaf-spot-cindy-ocamb\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/brassicaceae-black-leg-5L-scaled-1-396x296.jpg\" alt=\"Phoma leaf spot \u2013 Cindy Ocamb\" class=\"wp-image-684\" width=\"198\" height=\"148\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Phoma leaf spot lesion with tiny, black pycnidia present in the necrotic, circular lesion, surrounded by a narrow, chlorotic (yellow) halo.<br><strong>Photo Source:<\/strong> Lindsey du Toit, Washington State University<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/phoma-lingam-seed-assay-cauliflower-19x\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/brassicaceae-black-leg-6L-396x294.jpg\" alt=\"Phoma lingam seed assay\" class=\"wp-image-2188\" width=\"198\" height=\"147\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Black pycnidia of the black leg fungus,<i> Phoma lingam<\/i>, on an infected cauliflower seed. Note the amethyst-colored cirrhi (gelatinous matrix) oozing from the pycnidia, which indicates the strain of the pathogen is virulent (able to cause Phoma leaf spot or black leg of brassicas).<br><strong>Photo Source:<\/strong> Lindsey du Toit, Washington State University<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>On-Line Resources<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/nkaHFrE_1D4?list=PL2293EFB3CF9C70E4\">Video: Blackleg Disease and Resistance Management. Published by the Canola Council of Canada.<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pnwhandbooks.org\/plantdisease\/host-disease\/cabbage-cauliflower-brassica-sp-black-leg-phoma-stem-canker\">Pacific Northwest Plant Disease Management Handbook: Cabbage and Cauliflower (<em>Brassica&nbsp;<\/em>sp.)-Black Leg and Phoma Root Rot<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pnwhandbooks.org\/plantdisease\/host-disease\/seed-crop-crucifers-brassica-raphanus-spp-black-leg\">Pacific Northwest Plant Disease Management Handbook:&nbsp;<\/a>Seed Crop, Crucifers (Brassica and Raphanus spp.)-Black Leg.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/s3.wp.wsu.edu\/uploads\/sites\/2723\/2021\/06\/Black-leg-in-Brassiceae-2014-2-pp-alert-6-12-14.pdf\">Black leg in Brassicaceae crops and wild crucifers: 2014 outbreak in the Willamette Valley of Oregon (pdf)<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/s3.wp.wsu.edu\/uploads\/sites\/2723\/2021\/06\/Black-leg-in-Brassiceae-2014-2-pp-alert-6-12-14.pdf\">Black Leg, Light Leaf Spot, and White Leaf Spot (pdf)<\/a>, Cynthia Ocamb, PhD., Plant Pathologist, OSU Extension, Associate Professor&#8211;Botany &amp; Plant Pathology.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/s3.wp.wsu.edu\/uploads\/sites\/2723\/2021\/06\/CruciferMtgOSU-NWREC-9112014-DavidPriebe-ODA.pdf\">Fungicides for Control of Black Leg (pdf)<\/a>, David Priebe, Pesticides Program, Oregon Department of Agriculture.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wsu-max-width--hero\"><strong>Addressing Blackleg in the Willamette Valley:&nbsp;<\/strong>Oregon Department of Agriculture permanent ruling released on black leg of brassicaceae in January 2015 \u2013 see the Brassica Production Districts document, and the OSDA Permanent Ruling document titled \u2018Crucifer blackleg disease requirements moved into one regulation; removes same requirements from rapeseed production districts,\u2019 below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/s3.wp.wsu.edu\/uploads\/sites\/2723\/2021\/06\/603-2015113Permanent.pdf\">Oregon Secretary of State Certificate and Order for Filing (pdf)<\/a>&nbsp;&#8211; PERMANENT ADMINISTRATIVE RULES: Crucifer blackleg disease requirements moved into one regulation; removes same requirements from rapeseed production districts.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/s3.wp.wsu.edu\/uploads\/sites\/2723\/2021\/06\/OAR603-052-0860thru0888and0921_01132015.pdf\">Brassicaceae Production Districts and Rapeseed Control Areas (pdf)<\/a>&nbsp;(603-052-0860), Oregon Department of Agriculture.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/s3.wp.wsu.edu\/uploads\/sites\/2723\/2021\/06\/Clinic-closeup-Black-leg-management-in-Brassica-seed-crops-and-oilseed-Jan-2015-version-II-2.pdf\">Management of Black Leg in Oregon on Brassica seed crops (pdf)<\/a>, a Clinic Close-up, Oregon State University Extension Service.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/s3.wp.wsu.edu\/uploads\/sites\/2723\/2021\/06\/Clinic-closeup-Black-leg-management-in-Brassica-vegetable-seed-Jan-2015-version-II.pdf\">Management of Black Leg in Oregon on Vegetable Brassica Crops and Seed Crops (pdf)<\/a>, a Clinic Close-up, Oregon State University Extension Service.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><a href=\"#home\">Return to the Top<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-color-vineyard\" id=\"BlackRot\">Black rot<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wsu-max-width--hero\"><strong>Disease<\/strong>:&nbsp;Black rot<br><strong>Pathogens<\/strong>:&nbsp;<em>Xanthomonas campestris<\/em>&nbsp;<em>pv.<\/em>&nbsp;<em>campestris<\/em><br><b>Host crops<\/b>: Most members of the Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) = cabbage family, including&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/brassicaceae\/broccoli\/#Blackrot\">broccoli<\/a>, Brussels sprouts,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/cabbage\/#Blackrot\">cabbage<\/a>, canola,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/brassicaceae\/cauliflower\/#Blackrot\">cauliflower<\/a>, various Chinese brassica vegetables, collard, kale, mizuna, mustard, oilseed rape, oilseed turnip rape, rutabaga, turnip, etc.),<em>&nbsp;Sinapis<\/em>&nbsp;(white and yellow mustard), and&nbsp;<em>Raphanus&nbsp;<\/em>(daikon and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/brassicaceae\/broccoli\/#Blackrot\">radish<\/a>). Most&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/brassicaceae\/brassicaceae-cruciferous-weeds\/#Blackrot\">wild species<\/a>&nbsp;can be infected by this pathogen. This is a quarantine disease in parts of six counties in northwestern Washington because of the risk of this pathogen to the brassica vegetable seed industry.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--quarters\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/black-rot1l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/black-rot1L-396x277.jpg\" alt=\"symptoms of Cabbage black rot-1\" class=\"wp-image-700\" width=\"198\" height=\"139\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/black-rot1L-396x277.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/black-rot1L.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Cabbage black rot symptoms of marginal chlorosis and v-shaped lesions extending into the leaf.<br><strong>Photo Source:<\/strong> Mike Derie, Washington State University<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/black-rot5l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/black-rot5L-396x349.jpg\" alt=\"symptoms of Cabbage black rot-5\" class=\"wp-image-704\" width=\"198\" height=\"175\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/black-rot5L-396x349.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/black-rot5L.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Severe blackening of the veins of a cabbage leaf infected with <i>Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris.<\/i><br><strong>Photo Source:<\/strong> Lindsey du Toit, Washington State University<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/black-rot2l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/black-rot2L-396x277.jpg\" alt=\"symptoms of Cabbage black rot-2\" class=\"wp-image-701\" width=\"198\" height=\"139\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/black-rot2L-396x277.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/black-rot2L.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Cabbage stem showing blackening of the vascular tissue caused by the black rot pathogen,<i> Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris<\/i>.<br><strong>Photo Source:<\/strong> Mike Derie, Washington State University<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/black-rot6l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/black-rot6L-396x322.jpg\" alt=\"symptoms of Cabbage black rot-6\" class=\"wp-image-705\" width=\"198\" height=\"161\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/black-rot6L-396x322.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/black-rot6L.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Wilting of a cabbage leaf infected with <i>Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris<\/i>.<br><strong>Photo Source:<\/strong> Lindsey du Toit, Washington State University<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/black-rot3l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/black-rot3L-396x277.jpg\" alt=\"symptoms of Cabbage black rot-3\" class=\"wp-image-702\" width=\"198\" height=\"139\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/black-rot3L-396x277.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/black-rot3L.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Dieback and wilting of cabbage plants following a severe outbreak of black rot.<br><strong>Photo Source:<\/strong> Mike Derie, Washington State University<br>          <br><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/7-and-8\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/7-and-8-e1625978307508-396x361.jpg\" alt=\"symptoms of Cabbage black rot-7\" class=\"wp-image-709\" width=\"198\" height=\"181\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/7-and-8-e1625978307508-396x361.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/7-and-8-e1625978307508.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Symptoms of leaf spot caused by<i>  Xanthomonas campestris pv. armoraciae <\/i>(left) and <i>X. campestris pv. raphani <\/i>(right), two bacterial pathogens closely related to the black rot pathogen,<i> X. campestris pv. campestris.<\/i><br><strong>Photo Source:<\/strong> Lindsey du Toit, Washington State University<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/black-rot4l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/black-rot4L-396x615.jpg\" alt=\"symptoms of Cabbage black rot-4\" class=\"wp-image-703\" width=\"198\" height=\"308\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/black-rot4L-396x615.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/black-rot4L.jpg 824w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Blackening of the veins of a cabbage leaf following inoculation with the black rot pathogen,<i> Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris.<\/i>\n<br><strong>Photo Source:<\/strong> Lindsey du Toit, Washington State University<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>Online Resources<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pnwhandbooks.org\/plantdisease\/host-disease\/cabbage-cauliflower-brassica-sp-black-rot\">Cabbage and Cauliflower (Brassica sp.)-Black Rot<\/a>, Pacific Northwest Handbooks, a Pacific Northwest Extension Publication.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/vegetablemdonline.ppath.cornell.edu\/factsheets\/Crucifers_BR.htm\">Black Rot of Crucifers<\/a>, Fact Sheet, Cooperative Extension, New York State, Cornell University.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.growingproduce.com\/vegetables\/field-scouting-guide-black-rot-of-brassicas\/\">Field Scouting Guide: Black Rot of Brassicas<\/a>, Growing Produce, Meister Media Worldwide\u2019s Horticulture Group.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/eorganic.org\/node\/4957\">Managing Black Rot of Cabbage and other Crucifer Crops in Organic Farming Systems<\/a>, eOrganic, eXtension Foundation (extension.org).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/ag.umass.edu\/vegetable\/fact-sheets\/brassicas-black-rot\">Brassicas, Black Rot<\/a>, UMass Extension vegetable Program Fact Sheet, Center for Agriculture, Food and the Environment, College of Natural Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><a href=\"#home\">Return to the Top<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-color-vineyard\" id=\"Clubroot\">Clubroot<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Disease<\/strong>:&nbsp;Clubroot<br><strong>Pathogen<\/strong>:&nbsp;<i>Plasmodiophora brassicae<\/i><br><b>Host crops<\/b>:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/brassicaceae\/broccoli\/#Clubroot\">Broccoli<\/a>, cabbage,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/brassicaceae\/cauliflower\/#Club\">cauliflower<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/brassicaceae\/brassicaceae-cruciferous-weeds\/#Clubroot\">brassicaceae (cruciferous) weeds<\/a>, and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/brassicaceae\/radish\/#Clubroot\">radish<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--quarters\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/cabbage-clubroot-1l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/cabbage-clubroot-1L-396x614.jpg\" alt=\"stunting from club root\" class=\"wp-image-932\" width=\"198\" height=\"307\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/cabbage-clubroot-1L-396x614.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/cabbage-clubroot-1L.jpg 516w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Stunting from clubroot.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Lindsey du Toit<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/cabbage-clubroot-2L.jpg\" alt=\"club root symptoms\" class=\"wp-image-933\" width=\"146\" height=\"200\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Below-ground symptoms of clubroot.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Lindsey du Toit<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/cabbage-clubroot-3l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/cabbage-clubroot-3L-396x296.jpg\" alt=\"below-ground symptoms of clubroot on roots\" class=\"wp-image-934\" width=\"198\" height=\"148\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/cabbage-clubroot-3L-396x296.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/cabbage-clubroot-3L.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Below-ground symptoms of clubroot.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Lindsey du Toit<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>On-Line Resources<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pnwhandbooks.org\/plantdisease\/host-disease\/cabbage-cauliflower-brassica-sp-clubroot\">Pacific Northwest Plant Disease Management Handbook: Cabbage and Cauliflower (Brassica sp.)-Clubroot<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vegetables.cornell.edu\/pest-management\/disease-factsheets\/clubroot-of-crucifers\/\">Clubroot of Crucifers. Vegetable MD Online<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clubroot\">Clubroot<\/a>. Wikipedia.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vri.org.nz\/dmsdocument\/140-a0019406-1995-control-of-clubroot-in-vegetable-brassicas-copy\">Clubroot of vegetable brassicas \u2013 towards integrated control. New Zealand Institute for Crop &amp; Food Research Ltd<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/ohioline.osu.edu\/hyg-fact\/3000\/3118.html\">Clubroot of Crucifers<\/a>. The Ohio State University Extension.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/s3.wp.wsu.edu\/uploads\/sites\/2723\/2021\/07\/11CCC2791-Clubroot-Sanitation-Guide-r3-LR1.pdf\">Managing Clubroot: Equipment Sanitation Guide (pdf)<\/a>. Canola Council of Canada<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.canolawatch.org\/2013\/06\/26\/top-10-tips-from-the-2013-international-clubroot-workshop\/\">Top 10 tips from the 2013 International Clubroot Workshop<\/a>. Canola Watch, Canola Council of Canada.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/diseases-pests-and-other-problems-common-to-many-vegetables\/#Clubroot\">See&nbsp;Diseases, pests, and other problems common to many vegetables: Clubroot of brassica vegetables<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><a href=\"#home\">Return to the Top<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-color-vineyard\" id=\"DownyMildew\">Downy mildew<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Disease<\/strong>:&nbsp;Downy mildew<br><strong>Pathogens<\/strong>:&nbsp;<i>Hyaloperonospora parasitica<\/i>&nbsp;=&nbsp;<i>Peronospora parasitica<\/i><br><b>Host crops<\/b>: Most members of the Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) = cabbage family, including&nbsp;cabbage&nbsp;and cauliflower.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--quarters\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/cabbage-downy-mildew-1l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/cabbage-downy-mildew-1L.jpg\" alt=\"downy mildew sporulation symptoms\" class=\"wp-image-939\" width=\"178\" height=\"268\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Downy mildew sporulation on cabbage leaves.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Lindsey du Toit<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/cabbage-downy-mildew-2l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/cabbage-downy-mildew-2L.jpg\" alt=\"downy mildew on cabbage\" class=\"wp-image-940\" width=\"171\" height=\"259\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Downy mildew sporulation on cabbage leaves.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Lindsey du Toit<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/cabbage-downy-mildew-3l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/cabbage-downy-mildew-3L.jpg\" alt=\"downy mildew on cabbage leaf\" class=\"wp-image-941\" width=\"188\" height=\"141\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/cabbage-downy-mildew-3L.jpg 750w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/cabbage-downy-mildew-3L-396x297.jpg 396w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 188px) 100vw, 188px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Downy mildew sporulation on cabbage leaves.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Lindsey du Toit<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/cabbage-downy-mildew-4l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/cabbage-downy-mildew-4L.jpg\" alt=\"pod infection\" class=\"wp-image-942\" width=\"188\" height=\"146\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/cabbage-downy-mildew-4L.jpg 750w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/cabbage-downy-mildew-4L-396x309.jpg 396w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 188px) 100vw, 188px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Sporulation of downy mildew on a cabbage seed pod in a cabbage seed crop.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Lindsey du Toit<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>Online Resources<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pnwhandbooks.org\/node\/2365\/print\">Pacific Northwest Plant Disease Management Handbook: Cabbage and Cauliflower (<i>Brassica<\/i>&nbsp;sp.) \u2013 Downy Mildew {Staghead}<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pnwhandbooks.org\/plantdisease\/host-disease\/mustard-greens-brassica-juncea-downy-mildew-staghead\">Pacific Northwest Plant Disease Management Handbook: Mustard Greens (<i>Brassica juncea<\/i>) \u2013 Downy Mildew {Staghead}<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/plantpath.ifas.ufl.edu\/misc\/media\/factsheets\/pp0033.pdf\">Downy Mildew of Crucifers (pdf)<\/a>. Plant Pathology Fact Sheet. Florida Cooperative Extension Service.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/extension.umass.edu\/vegetable\/diseases\/broccoli-downy-mildew\">Brassica Downy Mildew<\/a>. University of Massachusetts Amherst.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><a href=\"#home\">Return to the Top<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-color-vineyard\" id=\"LightLeaf\">Light leaf spot<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"collapse_bottom wsu-max-width--hero\"><strong>Disease<\/strong>:&nbsp;Light leaf spot<br><strong>Pathogens<\/strong>:&nbsp;<i>Cylindrosporium concentricum&nbsp;<\/i>(sexual stage:&nbsp;<i>Pyrenopeziza brassicae<\/i>)<br><b>Host crops<\/b>: Light leaf spot has been observed causing disease in canola (oilseed rape can be very susceptible), forage Brassica species, \u201cfield\u201d turnip, other Brassica members including wild mustard, volunteer black mustard, vegetable Brassica seed fields, and Brassica species used as cover crops. It is likely that all brassicas crops grown in the Pacific Northwest are susceptible with a range of susceptibility within each crop species.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--quarters\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignleft size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/brassicaceae-light-leaf-spot-1l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"769\" height=\"578\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/brassicaceae-light-leaf-spot-1L.jpg\" alt=\"Light leaf spot symptoms on mustard\" class=\"wp-image-946\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/brassicaceae-light-leaf-spot-1L.jpg 769w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/brassicaceae-light-leaf-spot-1L-396x298.jpg 396w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 769px) 100vw, 769px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Light leaf spot on mustard.<br><strong>Photo Source:<\/strong> Oregon State University Plant Clinic\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/brassicaceae-light-leaf-spot-2l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/brassicaceae-light-leaf-spot-2L.jpg\" alt=\"Light leaf spot on Brassica\" class=\"wp-image-947\" width=\"198\" height=\"149\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/brassicaceae-light-leaf-spot-2L.jpg 610w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/brassicaceae-light-leaf-spot-2L-396x297.jpg 396w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Light leaf spot on<i> Brassica.<\/i><br><strong>Photo Source:<\/strong> Oregon State University Plant Clinic\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/brassicaceae-light-leaf-spot-3l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"529\" height=\"461\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/brassicaceae-light-leaf-spot-3L.jpg\" alt=\"Light leaf spot symptoms\" class=\"wp-image-948\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/brassicaceae-light-leaf-spot-3L.jpg 529w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/brassicaceae-light-leaf-spot-3L-396x345.jpg 396w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 529px) 100vw, 529px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Light leaf spot on<i> Brassica.<\/i><br><strong>Photo Source:<\/strong>  Cynthia Ocamb, Oregon State University-Corvallis<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/brassicaceae-light-leaf-spot-4l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"617\" height=\"461\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/brassicaceae-light-leaf-spot-4L.jpg\" alt=\"Light leaf spot on Brassica-1\" class=\"wp-image-949\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/brassicaceae-light-leaf-spot-4L.jpg 617w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/brassicaceae-light-leaf-spot-4L-396x296.jpg 396w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 617px) 100vw, 617px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Light leaf spot on<i> Brassica.<\/i><br><strong>Photo Source:<\/strong>  Cynthia Ocamb, Oregon State University-Corvallis<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>Online Resources<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/s3.wp.wsu.edu\/uploads\/sites\/2723\/2021\/07\/Light-leaf-spot-OSU-Disease-Alert-in-crucifers-17-June.pdf\">Light leaf spot OSU Disease Alert in crucifers 17 June, 2014 (pdf)<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><a href=\"#home\">Return to the Top<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-color-vineyard\" id=\"RingSpot\">Ring spot<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"collapse_bottom\"><strong>Disease<\/strong>:&nbsp;Ring spot<br><strong>Pathogen<\/strong>:&nbsp;<em>Mycosphaerella brassicicola<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--quarters\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/dg4l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"400\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/dg4L.jpg\" alt=\"ring spot on cauliflower\" class=\"wp-image-954\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/dg4L.jpg 400w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/dg4L-396x594.jpg 396w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Photo Source:<\/strong> D.A. Inglis<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/dg3l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/dg3L.jpg\" alt=\"close up view of ring spot on cauliflower\" class=\"wp-image-953\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/dg3L.jpg 600w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/dg3L-396x264.jpg 396w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Photo Source:<\/strong> D.A. Inglis<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>On-Line Resources<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pnwhandbooks.org\/plantdisease\/host-disease\/cabbage-cauliflower-brassica-sp-ring-spot-black-blight\">Pacific Northwest Plant Disease Management Handbook: Cabbage and Cauliflower (Brassica) \u2013 Ring spot (Black Blight)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><a href=\"#home\">Return to the Top<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-color-vineyard\" id=\"WhiteLeaf\">White leaf spot<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"collapse_bottom wsu-max-width--hero\"><strong>Disease<\/strong>:&nbsp;White leaf spot<br><strong>Pathogens<\/strong>:&nbsp;<i>Pseudocercosporella capsellae&nbsp;<\/i>(sexual stage:<i>&nbsp;Mycosphaerella capsellae<\/i>)<br><b>Host crops<\/b>: White leaf spot and gray stem were observed during 2014 in canola research fields as well as in commercial seed fields of forage Brassicas and \u201cfield\u201d turnip. White leaf spot was also detected in volunteer black mustard and forage fields. Susceptible hosts reportedly include species of Brassica (broccoli, cabbage, canola, cauliflower, Chinese cabbage, mustard, turnip, etc.) as well as radish and horseradish. Weedy types such as wild radish, wild mustard, and shepherd&#8217;s purse are susceptible to white leaf spot and gray stem.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--quarters\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/brassicaceae-white-leaf-spot-1l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"599\" height=\"447\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/brassicaceae-white-leaf-spot-1L.jpg\" alt=\"Late stage white leaf spot (black arrows) and Phoma leaf spot (red arrow) on turnip.\" class=\"wp-image-962\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/brassicaceae-white-leaf-spot-1L.jpg 599w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/brassicaceae-white-leaf-spot-1L-396x296.jpg 396w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 599px) 100vw, 599px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Late stage white leaf spot (yellowish spots) and Phoma leaf spot (grayish spots) on turnip.<br><strong>Photo Source:<\/strong> Cynthia Ocamb, Oregon State University-Corvallis<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/brassicaceae-white-leaf-spot-2l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"725\" height=\"447\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/brassicaceae-white-leaf-spot-2L.jpg\" alt=\"Earlier stage of white leaf spot symptoms\" class=\"wp-image-963\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/brassicaceae-white-leaf-spot-2L.jpg 725w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/brassicaceae-white-leaf-spot-2L-396x244.jpg 396w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 725px) 100vw, 725px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Earlier stage of white leaf spot.<br><strong>Photo Source:<\/strong> Cynthia Ocamb, Oregon State University-Corvallis<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/brassicaceae-white-leaf-spot-3l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"659\" height=\"449\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/brassicaceae-white-leaf-spot-3L.jpg\" alt=\"Gray stem of turnip symptoms\" class=\"wp-image-964\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/brassicaceae-white-leaf-spot-3L.jpg 659w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/brassicaceae-white-leaf-spot-3L-396x270.jpg 396w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 659px) 100vw, 659px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Gray stem of turnip.<br><strong>Photo Source:<\/strong> Cynthia Ocamb, Oregon State University-Corvallis<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/brassicaceae-white-leaf-spot-4l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"601\" height=\"449\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/brassicaceae-white-leaf-spot-4L.jpg\" alt=\"close up of white conidia\" class=\"wp-image-2199\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/brassicaceae-white-leaf-spot-4L.jpg 601w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/brassicaceae-white-leaf-spot-4L-396x296.jpg 396w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 601px) 100vw, 601px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Close-up of white leaf spot showing white conidia.<br><strong>Photo Source:<\/strong> Cynthia Ocamb, Oregon State University-Corvallis<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>Online Resources<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/s3.wp.wsu.edu\/uploads\/sites\/2723\/2021\/07\/White-leaf-spot-OSU-Disease-Alert-in-Brassiceae.pdf\">White leaf spot OSU Disease Alert in Brassiceae (pdf)<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><a href=\"#home\">Return to the Top<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-color-vineyard\" id=\"WhiteMold\">White mold<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"collapse_bottom\"><strong>Disease<\/strong>:&nbsp;White mold<br><strong>Pathogens<\/strong>:&nbsp;<em>Sclerotinia sclerotiorum<\/em><br><b>Host crops<\/b>: Most members of the Brassicaceae (Cruciferae = cabbage family) and many other vegetables (see&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/diseases-pests-and-other-problems-common-to-many-vegetables\/#Whitemold\">Diseases, pests, and other problems common to many vegetables: White mold<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--quarters\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/brassicaceae-white-mold-1l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"750\" height=\"544\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/brassicaceae-white-mold-1L.jpg\" alt=\"white mold on cabbage\" class=\"wp-image-971\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/brassicaceae-white-mold-1L.jpg 750w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/brassicaceae-white-mold-1L-396x287.jpg 396w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">White mold symptoms on a cabbage head.<br><strong>Photo Source:<\/strong> Lindsey du Toit<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/brassicaceae-white-mold-5l-2\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"461\" height=\"550\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/brassicaceae-white-mold-5L-1.jpg\" alt=\"whilte mold pathogen symptoms\" class=\"wp-image-2204\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/brassicaceae-white-mold-5L-1.jpg 461w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/brassicaceae-white-mold-5L-1-396x472.jpg 396w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 461px) 100vw, 461px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Black sclerotia of the white mold pathogen,<i> Sclerotinia sclerotiorum,<\/i> and remnant veins of a cabbage leaf following decomposition of the leaf by the pathogen.<br><strong>Photo Source:<\/strong> Lindsey du Toit<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/brassicaceae-white-mold-2l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"650\" height=\"466\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/brassicaceae-white-mold-2L.jpg\" alt=\"white mold symptoms on brassicaceae\" class=\"wp-image-972\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/brassicaceae-white-mold-2L.jpg 650w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/brassicaceae-white-mold-2L-396x284.jpg 396w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 650px) 100vw, 650px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Severe white mold in an overwintering cabbage seed crop.<br><strong>Photo Source:<\/strong> Lindsey du Toit<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/brassicaceae-white-mold-6l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"700\" height=\"564\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/brassicaceae-white-mold-6L.jpg\" alt=\"white mold pathogen near by cabbage plant\" class=\"wp-image-976\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/brassicaceae-white-mold-6L.jpg 700w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/brassicaceae-white-mold-6L-396x319.jpg 396w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">A salmon-colored apothecium of the white mold pathogen produced in spring adjacent to a cabbage plant. The apothecium releases thousands of sexual spores (ascospores) into the air, which serve as a primary source of inoculum.<br><strong>Photo Source:<\/strong> Lindsey du Toit<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/brassicaceae-white-mold-3l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/brassicaceae-white-mold-3L.jpg\" alt=\"white mold symptoms\" class=\"wp-image-973\" width=\"157\" height=\"275\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Stem canker in a brassica seed crop caused by<i> Sclerotinia sclerotiorum<\/i>.<br><strong>Photo Source:<\/strong> Lindsey du Toit<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/brassicaceae-white-mold-4l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/brassicaceae-white-mold-4L.jpg\" alt=\"white mold\" class=\"wp-image-974\" width=\"182\" height=\"275\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Stem canker in a brassica seed crop caused by<i> Sclerotinia sclerotiorum<\/i>.<br><strong>Photo Source:<\/strong> Lindsey du Toit<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>Online Resources<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/s3.wp.wsu.edu\/uploads\/sites\/2723\/2021\/07\/Clinic-closeup-Sclerotinia-in-turnip-seed-Feb-2015.pdf\">Management of Sclerotinia in Turnip Seed Crops (pdf)<\/a>&nbsp;&#8211; A Clinic Close-up, Oregon State University Extension Service<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pnwhandbooks.org\/plantdisease\/host-disease\/cabbage-cauliflower-brassica-sp-sclerotinia-stem-rot-watery-soft-rot\">Pacific Northwest Plant Disease Management Handbook: Cabbage and Cauliflower (Brassica&nbsp;sp.) \u2013 Sclerotinia Stem Rot and Watery Soft Rot<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>See&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/diseases-pests-and-other-problems-common-to-many-vegetables\/#Whitemold\">Diseases, pests, and other problems common to many vegetables: White mold<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><a href=\"#home\">Return to the Top<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-centered\" id=\"InsectMite\"><span style=\"font-size: 1.8rem;letter-spacing: 0px\">Insects\/Mites<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-color-vineyard\" id=\"RootMaggots\">Root maggots<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"collapse_bottom wsu-max-width--hero\"><strong>Common name<\/strong>:&nbsp;Root maggots (cabbage maggot and seedcorn maggot)<br><strong>Latin binomial<\/strong>:&nbsp;<em>Delia brassicae = Delia radicum<\/em>&nbsp;(cabbage maggot), and&nbsp;<em>Delia platura<\/em>&nbsp;(seedcorn maggot)<br><b>Host crops<\/b>: Cabbage maggot can damage and destroy root systems of all cole (crucifer or Brassicaceae) crops. Tunnels from the feeding maggots can become numerous in roots in crops with severe infestations. The tunnels provide wound sites for pathogens, particularly bacteria that can cause bacterial soft rot. The seedcorn maggot can affect many vegetable crops including snap, kidney, and lima&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/bean\/#Seedcorn\">beans<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/onion-allium\/#Seedcornmaggot\">onion<\/a>, corn, turnip, pea, cabbage, and cucurbits. They cause the most damage in spring to newly emerging seedlings, and can cause severe losses in plant stand.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--thirds\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/cabb-root-maggot-1l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/cabb-root-maggot-1L-396x297.jpg\" alt=\"damaged radish caused by root maggots\" class=\"wp-image-985\" width=\"198\" height=\"149\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/cabb-root-maggot-1L-396x297.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/cabb-root-maggot-1L.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Severe damage to a radish seed crop from cabbage maggots feeding on the roots, followed by development of bacterial soft rot.<br><strong>Photo Source:<\/strong> Lindsey du Toit, Washington State University\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/cabb-root-maggot-2l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/cabb-root-maggot-2L-396x297.jpg\" alt=\"cabbage maggot fed and tunneled\" class=\"wp-image-986\" width=\"198\" height=\"149\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/cabb-root-maggot-2L-396x297.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/cabb-root-maggot-2L.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Small holes where the cabbage maggot fed and tunneled inside a radish root, followed by colonization of the wound sites by soft rot bacteria that caused the lower 75% of the root to discolor and rot.<br><strong>Photo Source:<\/strong> Lindsey du Toit, Washington State University\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/cabb-root-maggot-3l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/cabb-root-maggot-3L-e1628786403218-396x528.jpg\" alt=\"root maggots symptoms\" class=\"wp-image-987\" width=\"198\" height=\"264\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/cabb-root-maggot-3L-e1628786403218-396x528.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/cabb-root-maggot-3L-e1628786403218.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Holes inside a radish root where cabbage maggots fed and tunneled through the root, with early symptoms of secondary bacterial colonization (discolored, softened tissue) around the wound sites.<br><strong>Photo Source:<\/strong> Lindsey du Toit, Washington State University\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>Online Resources<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pnwhandbooks.org\/insect\/vegetable\/vegetable-pests\/hosts-pests\/radish-cabbage-maggot\">PNW Insect Management Handbook section on cabbage maggot affecting radish<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><a href=\"#home\">Return to the Top<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-centered\" id=\"AbioticProbCom\">Abiotic Problems Common to Brassica Vegetables<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-color-vineyard\" id=\"BoronDef\">Boron (B) deficiency<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wsu-max-width--hero\"><strong>Problem<\/strong>:&nbsp;Boron (B) deficiency<br><strong>Crops affected<\/strong>: Most crops can develop symptoms of boron (B) deficiency. Brassica or cole crops have moderate to high B requirements. B deficient cole crops can develop cracked, corky stems, as well as petioles and midribs. Broccoli, cabbage and cauliflower stems may become hollow and discolored. Cauliflower curds may turn brown and leaves roll and curl. Cabbage heads may be smaller than normal and discolored yellow. Cauliflower is the most sensitive of cole crops to B deficiency.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--quarters\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/broccoli-boron-deficiency-1l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"900\" height=\"676\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/broccoli-boron-deficiency-1L.jpg\" alt=\"Boron deficiency symptoms\" class=\"wp-image-991\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/broccoli-boron-deficiency-1L.jpg 900w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/broccoli-boron-deficiency-1L-396x297.jpg 396w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Boron deficiency in broccoli can cause external corkiness and scarring of the main stem, and hollowing of the stem internally.<br><strong>Photo Source:<\/strong> Gail Ruhl, Purdue University Plant and Pest Diagnostic Lab<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/broccoli-boron-deficiency-2l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/broccoli-boron-deficiency-2L.jpg\" alt=\"internal Boron deficiency\" class=\"wp-image-992\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/broccoli-boron-deficiency-2L.jpg 900w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/broccoli-boron-deficiency-2L-396x297.jpg 396w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Boron deficiency in broccoli can cause external corkiness and scarring of the main stem, and hollowing of the stem internally.<br><strong>Photo Source:<\/strong> Gail Ruhl, Purdue University Plant and Pest Diagnostic Lab<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/broccoli-boron-deficiency-3l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/broccoli-boron-deficiency-3L-scaled-1-396x528.jpg\" alt=\"Boron deficiency in broccoli stem\" class=\"wp-image-993\" width=\"198\" height=\"264\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/broccoli-boron-deficiency-3L-scaled-1-396x528.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/broccoli-boron-deficiency-3L-scaled-1.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Boron deficiency in broccoli can cause external corkiness and scarring of the main stem, and hollowing of the stem internally.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Lindsey du Toit, Washington State University<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/broccoli-boron-deficiency-4l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/broccoli-boron-deficiency-4L-scaled-1-396x528.jpg\" alt=\"Boron deficiency in broccoli main stem\" class=\"wp-image-994\" width=\"198\" height=\"264\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/broccoli-boron-deficiency-4L-scaled-1-396x528.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/broccoli-boron-deficiency-4L-scaled-1.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Boron deficiency in broccoli can cause external corkiness and scarring of the main stem, and hollowing of the stem internally.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Lindsey du Toit, Washington State University<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>Online Resources<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.udel.edu\/weeklycropupdate\/?p=15686\">Boron Deficiencies in Cole Crops, University of Delaware Extension.<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ipmimages.org\/browse\/subimages.cfm?sub=18132\">Boron Deficiency<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/spectrumanalytic.com\/doc\/library\/articles\/b_basics\">Boron<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/s3.wp.wsu.edu\/uploads\/sites\/2723\/2021\/07\/Boron-mobility-in-plants-Brown-and-Shelp-1997-Plant-and-Soil-193_85-101.pdf\">Boron mobility in plants (pdf)<\/a>.&nbsp;Chapter 7 from the book Plant and Soil by Patrick H. Brown, Department of Pomology, University of California, Davis and Barry J. Shelp, Department of Horticultural Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/s3.wp.wsu.edu\/uploads\/sites\/2723\/2021\/07\/Boron-Deficiency-Symptoms-Borax-Bulletin.pdf\">Boron Deficiency Symptoms (pdf)<\/a>&nbsp;U.S. Borax Corp.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/s3.wp.wsu.edu\/uploads\/sites\/2723\/2021\/07\/Boron-in-Soils-Plant-Nutrition-US-Borax-publication.pdf\">Boron in vegetables (pdf)<\/a>&nbsp;U.S. Borax Corp.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><a href=\"#home\">Return to the Top<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-color-vineyard\" id=\"Edema\">Edema<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wsu-max-width--hero\"><strong>Problem<\/strong>:&nbsp;Edema<br><b>Cause<\/b>: A physiological problem prominent when air is cooler than the soil, soil moisture is high, and relative humidity is high. The low plant transpiration rates combined with an increase in water absorption by roots from the soil leads to increased cell turgor pressure, resulting in eruption of epidermal cells as the inner cells enlarge. Protrusion of the inner cells causes epidermal cells to die and discolor, resulting in a \u2019warty\u2019 appearance that can be misidentified as a disease. Symptoms are usually worse on the lower leaf surface and on older (lower) leaves.<br><b>Host Crops<\/b>: Numerous vegetables including spinach, brassicas, tomato, etc. Vegetables with waxy leaves, e.g., brassicas, tend to be most susceptible.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--quarters\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/cabbage-meteorite-disease-073012\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Cabbage-Meteorite-disease-073012.jpg\" alt=\"Edema on spinach\" class=\"wp-image-1003\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Cabbage-Meteorite-disease-073012.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Cabbage-Meteorite-disease-073012-396x297.jpg 396w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Symptoms of edema on the lower (abaxial) surface of a cabbage leaf, including calloused\/warty protruberances from bursting of epidermal cells.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>Online Resources:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pnwhandbooks.org\/plantdisease\/host-disease\/cabbage-cauliflower-brassica-sp-oedema-edema\">Pacific Northwest Handbooks: Cabbage and Cauliflower Brassica SP Oedema Edema<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/msue.anr.msu.edu\/news\/what_are_these_bumps_on_my_vegetables\">What are these bumps on my vegetables?<\/a> Edema or oedema: It doesn\u2019t matter how you spell it, it still doesn\u2019t look good. What is it, what causes it and how can I prevent it? Michigan State University Extension.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><a href=\"#home\">Return to the Top<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-color-vineyard\" id=\"Redheart\">Redheart<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wsu-max-width--hero\"><b>Problem<\/b>:&nbsp;Redheart<br><b>Cause<\/b>: Freeze damage to inner leaves of a brassica head as a result of an extended period (&gt;24 hours) of freezing in the field or in storage. Damage is often irreversible. Leaves several layers inside the head become watersoaked\/glassy while outer leaves of the head appear normal. Internal affected leaves become tan or red in color, and may dry to a papery texture. A bad odor may develop. A dark zone may delimit the affected vs. healthy areas. Similar symptoms can be caused by exposure of cabbage heads to low oxygen levels or high carbon dioxide levels in controlled atmosphere storage.<br><b>Crops affected<\/b>: Brassica vegetable crops with heads, e.g., cabbage. Some cultivars are more sensitive to redheart than others.<br>Harvest crops before extended periods of severe frost. If freezing conditions occur, allow heads to thaw completely before they are harvested. Monitor the heads at harvest for glassiness of the internal leaves. For longer-term storage, only store cabbage heads that have not been exposed to frost. Ventilate storage rooms adequately at temperatures just above freezing and high humidity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wsu-max-width--hero\">Harvest crops before extended periods of severe frost. If freezing conditions occur, allow heads to thaw completely before they are harvested. Monitor the heads at harvest for glassiness of the internal leaves. For longer-term storage, only store cabbage heads that have not been exposed to frost. Ventilate storage rooms adequately at temperatures just above freezing and high humidity.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--quarters\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/redheart-cabbage-1-1000w\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/redheart-cabbage-1-1000w-396x528.jpg\" alt=\"canola stem splitting\" class=\"wp-image-1008\" width=\"198\" height=\"264\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/redheart-cabbage-1-1000w-396x528.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/redheart-cabbage-1-1000w.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Photo Source:<\/strong>\nOsborne International Seed Co.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/redheart-cabbage-2\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/redheart-cabbage-2-scaled-1-396x528.jpg\" alt=\"close up of canola stem splitting\" class=\"wp-image-1009\" width=\"198\" height=\"264\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/redheart-cabbage-2-scaled-1-396x528.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/redheart-cabbage-2-scaled-1.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Photo Source:<\/strong>\nOsborne International Seed Co.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>Online Resources<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/postharvest.ucdavis.edu\/files\/259444.pdf\">University of California Postharvest Technology. Cabbage (Round and Chinese types): Recommendations for Maintaining Postharvest Quality (pdf)<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><a href=\"#home\">Return to the Top<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-color-vineyard\" id=\"StemSplit\">Stem splitting<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"collapse_bottom wsu-max-width--hero\"><b>Problem<\/b>:&nbsp;Stem splitting<br><b>Crops affected<\/b>: Any brassica crop grown for seed can develop stem splitting under conditions that promote very rapid growth (high soil moisture and warm temperatures).<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--thirds\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/canola-stem-splitting-1l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/canola-stem-splitting-1L-396x591.jpg\" alt=\"canola crop stem splitting\" class=\"wp-image-1012\" width=\"198\" height=\"296\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/canola-stem-splitting-1L-396x591.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/canola-stem-splitting-1L.jpg 469w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Stem splitting in a winter canola crop in central Washington in spring (early May) resulting from very rapid growth under conditions of high soil moisture and sudden warm spring temperatures, following a supplementary nitrogen fertilizer application.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Karen Sowers, Washington State University Dept. of Crop &amp; Soil Sciences<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/canola-stem-splitting-4l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/canola-stem-splitting-4L-396x265.jpg\" alt=\"canola stem splitting in washington\" class=\"wp-image-1015\" width=\"198\" height=\"133\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/canola-stem-splitting-4L-396x265.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/canola-stem-splitting-4L.jpg 700w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Stem splitting in a winter canola crop in central Washington in spring (early May) resulting from very rapid growth under conditions of high soil moisture and sudden warm spring temperatures, following a supplementary nitrogen fertilizer application.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Karen Sowers, Washington State University Dept. of Crop &amp; Soil Sciences<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/canola-stem-splitting-2l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/canola-stem-splitting-2L-396x528.jpg\" alt=\"stem splitting in a canola crop\" class=\"wp-image-1013\" width=\"198\" height=\"264\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/canola-stem-splitting-2L-396x528.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/canola-stem-splitting-2L.jpg 525w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Stem splitting in a winter canola crop in central Washington in spring (early May) resulting from very rapid growth under conditions of high soil moisture and sudden warm spring temperatures, following a supplementary nitrogen fertilizer application.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Karen Sowers, Washington State University Dept. of Crop &amp; Soil Sciences<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/radish-stem-splitting-1l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/radish-stem-splitting-1L.jpg\" alt=\"stem splitting symptoms\" class=\"wp-image-1016\" width=\"206\" height=\"275\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/radish-stem-splitting-1L.jpg 411w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/radish-stem-splitting-1L-396x530.jpg 396w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 206px) 100vw, 206px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Stem splitting in a radish seed crop in central Washington.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Carrie Wohleb, Washington State University Extension Educator<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/canola-stem-splitting-3l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/canola-stem-splitting-3L-396x528.jpg\" alt=\"rapid growth in canola stem splitting\" class=\"wp-image-1014\" width=\"198\" height=\"264\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/canola-stem-splitting-3L-396x528.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/canola-stem-splitting-3L.jpg 525w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Stem splitting in a winter canola crop in central Washington in spring (early May) resulting from very rapid growth under conditions of high soil moisture and sudden warm spring temperatures, following a supplementary nitrogen fertilizer application.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Karen Sowers, Washington State University Dept. of Crop &amp; Soil Sciences<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/radish-stem-splitting-2l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/radish-stem-splitting-2L-396x530.jpg\" alt=\"stem splitting in a radish seed crop in a field\" class=\"wp-image-1017\" width=\"198\" height=\"265\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/radish-stem-splitting-2L-396x530.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/radish-stem-splitting-2L.jpg 411w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Stem splitting in a radish seed crop in central Washington.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Carrie Wohleb, Washington State University Extension Educator<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--single\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><a href=\"#home\">Return to the Top<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wsu-callout  wsu-border--add-top\" >\r\n        \n<div class=\"wsu-note\">\n\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wsu-note__title\">\n\t\t\tPDF Accessibility\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\n\n<p class=\"wsu-max-width--hero\">If you need the content provided on this site in an alternate format or for further information on the Vegetable Seed Pathology program, <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wsu-max-width--hero\">please contact:&nbsp;<strong>Lindsey du Toit at&nbsp;<a href=\"mailto:dutoit@wsu.edu\">dutoit@wsu.edu<\/a>&nbsp;or at 360-848-6140<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n        <div id=\"cahnrs-back-to-top\" class=\"cahnrs-back-to-top\" hidden aria-hidden=\"true\">\n            <a id=\"cahnrs-back-to-top-btn\" class=\"cahnrs-back-to-top__btn\" href=\"#product-top\" aria-label=\"Back to top\">\n                <span class=\"cahnrs-back-to-top__icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2191<\/span>\n                <span class=\"cahnrs-back-to-top__label\">Back to top<\/span>\n            <\/a>\n        <\/div>\n\n<section  class=\"wsu-section wsu-width--full\"  >\r\n    <div class=\"wsu-section__inner wsu-width--content\">    \n\n<p class=\"wsu-max-width--hero wsu-spacing-after--none wsu-spacing-bottom--none wsu-spacing-before--default\">Our pages provide links to external sites for the convenience of users. 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