{"id":188,"date":"2021-06-13T18:03:26","date_gmt":"2021-06-14T01:03:26","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/stage.web.wsu.edu\/path-team\/?page_id=188"},"modified":"2024-10-21T10:43:20","modified_gmt":"2024-10-21T17:43:20","slug":"sweet-corn","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/sweet-corn\/","title":{"rendered":"Sweet Corn"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wsu-row  wsu-color-background--gray-5 wsu-row--thirds\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wsu-cta  wsu-cta--width-inline\" >\n\t<a \t\t\t\t\thref=\"#Diseases\"\t\n\t\tclass=\"wsu-button \">\n\t\t\t\n\t\tDiseases\t\t\t<\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wsu-cta  wsu-cta--width-inline\" >\n\t<a \t\t\t\t\thref=\"#InsMite\"\t\n\t\tclass=\"wsu-button \">\n\t\t\t\n\t\tInsect\/Mite Pests\t\t\t<\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wsu-cta  wsu-cta--width-inline\" >\n\t<a \t\t\t\t\thref=\"#Abiotic\"\t\n\t\tclass=\"wsu-button \">\n\t\t\t\n\t\tAbiotic Problems common to Sweet corn\t\t\t<\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-centered\" id=\"home\">Diseases<\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--thirds\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#Bacterial\">Bacterial stalk rot<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#rust\">Common rust<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#smut\">Common smut<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#Headsmut\">Head smut<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#Highplains\">High plains disease<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#Southernrust\">Southern rust<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-centered\">Insect\/Mite Pests<\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--thirds\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#Birdcherry\">Bird cherry-oat aphid<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#earworm\">Corn earworm<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#rootworm\">Western corn rootworm<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#Wireworm\">Wireworm<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-centered\">Abiotic Problems Common to Sweet Corn<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#Airpollution\">Air pollution or ozone injury<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#herbicide\">Injury to corn plants from the herbicide Prowl<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--single\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">(Click on photo to enlarge)<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-centered\" id=\"Diseases\">Diseases<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-color-vineyard\" id=\"Bacterial\">Bacterial stalk rot<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"collapse_bottom\"><strong>Disease<\/strong>:&nbsp;Bacterial stalk rot<br><strong>Pathogen<\/strong>:&nbsp;<em>Erwinia&nbsp;species<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--quarters\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/corn-bacterial-stalk-rot\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Corn-Bacterial-stalk-rot-396x264.jpg\" alt=\"Bacterial stalk rot on sweet corn\" class=\"wp-image-2796\" width=\"198\" height=\"132\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Corn-Bacterial-stalk-rot-396x264.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Corn-Bacterial-stalk-rot.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Photo Source:<\/strong>&nbsp;G.Q. Pelter<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>On-Line Resources<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pnwhandbooks.org\/plantdisease\/host-disease\/corn-zea-mays-stalk-rots\">Pacific Northwest Plant Disease Management Handbook: Corn (Zea mays) \u2013 Bacterial Stalk Rot<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/hortsense.cahnrs.wsu.edu\/fact-sheet\/corn-root-stalk-and-ear-rots\/\">Corn: Root, stalk, and ear rots<\/a>, Washington State University.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><a href=\"#home\">Return to the Top<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-color-vineyard\" id=\"rust\">Common rust<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"collapse_bottom\"><strong>Common name<\/strong>:&nbsp;Common rust<br><strong>Pathogen<\/strong>:&nbsp;<i>Puccinia sorghi<\/i><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>On-Line Resources<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.plantmanagementnetwork.org\/edcenter\/seminars\/corn\/CommonRust\/\">Common Rust of Corn<\/a>, (Video Presentation), Plant Management Network International.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.plantmanagementnetwork.org\/edcenter\/seminars\/corn\/CommonRust\/\">Differentiating Common Rust and Southern Rust of Corn<\/a>, (Video Presentation), Plant Management Network International.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><a href=\"#home\">Return to the Top<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-color-vineyard\" id=\"smut\">Common smut<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Common name<\/strong>:&nbsp;Common smut<br><strong>Latin binomial<\/strong>:&nbsp;<i>Ustilago maydis<\/i>&nbsp;(=&nbsp;<em>Ustilago zeae<\/em>)<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--quarters\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/corn-common-smut-1l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Corn-common-smut-1L-396x647.jpg\" alt=\"common smut of corn-1\" class=\"wp-image-2797\" width=\"146\" height=\"239\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Corn-common-smut-1L-396x647.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Corn-common-smut-1L.jpg 398w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 146px) 100vw, 146px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Karen Ward, Washington State University Plant Diagnostician<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/corn-common-smut-2l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Corn-common-smut-2L-396x648.jpg\" alt=\"smut symptoms of corn-2\" class=\"wp-image-2798\" width=\"144\" height=\"239\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Photos of common smut of corn.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Karen Ward, Washington State University Plant Diagnostician<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/corn-common-smut-3l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Corn-common-smut-3L-396x277.jpg\" alt=\"smut symptoms of corn-3\" class=\"wp-image-2799\" width=\"198\" height=\"139\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Corn-common-smut-3L-396x277.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Corn-common-smut-3L.jpg 700w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Photos of common smut of corn.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Lindsey du Toit, Washington State University<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/corn-common-smut-4l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Corn-common-smut-4L-396x264.jpg\" alt=\"Common smut symptoms on an ear of corn-4\" class=\"wp-image-2800\" width=\"198\" height=\"132\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Corn-common-smut-4L-396x264.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Corn-common-smut-4L.jpg 850w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Common smut on an ear of corn caused by <i>Ustilago maydis.<\/i><br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Silvia Rondon, Oregon State University<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>On-Line Resources<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/ir.library.oregonstate.edu\/xmlui\/bitstream\/handle\/1957\/40801\/pnw647.pdf\">Corn Smuts (pdf)<\/a>. Oregon State University, University of Idaho, Washington State University.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.apsnet.org\/edcenter\/intropp\/lessons\/fungi\/Basidiomycetes\/Pages\/CornSmut.aspx\">Common smut of corn (Syn. boil smut, blister smut)<\/a>. APSnet.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pnwhandbooks.org\/plantdisease\/host-disease\/corn-zea-mays-common-smut\">Pacific Northwest Plant Disease Management Handbook: Corn (<i>Zea mays<\/i>) \u2013 Common Smut<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/ipm.ucanr.edu\/PMG\/r113100311.html\">Common Smut (Boil Smut)<\/a>, UC IPM Online, University of California.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><a href=\"#home\">Return to the Top<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-color-vineyard\" id=\"Headsmut\">Head smut<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Common name<\/strong>:&nbsp;Head smut<br><strong>Latin binomial<\/strong>:&nbsp;<i>Sphacelotheca reiliana<\/i>&nbsp;(Sorosporium reilianum&nbsp;=&nbsp;<i>Ustilago reiliana<\/i>)<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--quarters\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/corn-head-smut-1l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Corn-head-smut-1L.jpg\" alt=\"symptoms of head smut on corn\" class=\"wp-image-2802\" width=\"150\" height=\"238\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Head smut gall on the ear of a corn plant.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Jerald Pataky, Professor Emeritus, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/corn-head-smut-2l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Corn-head-smut-2L.jpg\" alt=\"symptoms of head smut of corn tassel\" class=\"wp-image-2803\" width=\"143\" height=\"238\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Head smut gall on the tassel of a corn plant.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Jerald Pataky, Professor Emeritus, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>On-Line Resources<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/ir.library.oregonstate.edu\/xmlui\/bitstream\/handle\/1957\/40801\/pnw647.pdf\">Corn Smuts (pdf)<\/a>. Oregon State University, University of Idaho, Washington State University.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pnwhandbooks.org\/plantdisease\/host-disease\/corn-zea-mays-head-smut\">Pacific Northwest Plant Disease Management Handbook: Corn (<i>Zea mays<\/i>) \u2013 Head Smut<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><a href=\"#home\">Return to the Top<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-color-vineyard\" id=\"Highplains\">High plains disease<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Common name<\/strong>:&nbsp;High plains disease<br><strong>Latin binomial<\/strong>:&nbsp;<i>High plains virus<\/i>&nbsp;(HPV)<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--quarters\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/sweet-corn-hpv-1l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Sweet-corn-hpv-1L-396x231.jpg\" alt=\"sweet corn leaf showing mottling from HPV\" class=\"wp-image-2804\" width=\"198\" height=\"116\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Sweet-corn-hpv-1L-396x231.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Sweet-corn-hpv-1L.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Close-up view of a sweet corn leaf showing mottling from HPV.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Carrie H. Wohleb<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/sweet-corn-hpv-2l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Sweet-corn-hpv-2L.jpg\" alt=\"sweet corn showing mottling from HPV\" class=\"wp-image-2805\" width=\"198\" height=\"149\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Sweet-corn-hpv-2L.jpg 600w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Sweet-corn-hpv-2L-396x297.jpg 396w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Severe symptoms of high plains disease on sweet corn.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Gary Q. Pelter<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/sweet-corn-hpv-3l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Sweet-corn-hpv-3L.jpg\" alt=\"sweet corn showing mottling from HPV in foreground and normal plant in background\" class=\"wp-image-2806\" width=\"198\" height=\"149\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Sweet-corn-hpv-3L.jpg 600w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Sweet-corn-hpv-3L-396x297.jpg 396w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">weet corn plants without (top plant) and with (lower plant) symptoms of high plains disease.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Gary Q. Pelter<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/sweet-corn-hpv-4l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Sweet-corn-hpv-4L-396x277.jpg\" alt=\"sweet corn in field showing gradation in incidence and serverity of damage from HPV\" class=\"wp-image-2807\" width=\"225\" height=\"149\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Gradation in incidence and severity of damage from HPV in a sweet corn field adjacent to a wheat field. The virus is vectored by the wheat curl mite, a pest on wheat that readily moves from wheat onto sweet corn when the wheat is drying down or is harvested.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Lindsey du Toit<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>On-Line Resources<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>High Plains Disease Caused by the&nbsp;High Plains Virus. Pacific Northwest Vegetable Extension Group August 2003 Newsletter.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pnwhandbooks.org\/plantdisease\/host-disease\/corn-zea-mays-high-plains-disease\">Pacific Northwest Plant Disease Management Handbook: High Plains Disease<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><a href=\"#home\">Return to the Top<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-color-vineyard\" id=\"Southernrust\">Southern rust<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"collapse_bottom\"><strong>Common name<\/strong>:&nbsp;Southern rust<br><strong>Pathogen<\/strong>:&nbsp;<i>Puccinia polysora<\/i><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>On-Line Resources<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.plantmanagementnetwork.org\/edcenter\/seminars\/corn\/SouthernRust\/\">Southern Rust of Corn<\/a>, (Video Presentation), Plant Management Network International.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.plantmanagementnetwork.org\/edcenter\/seminars\/corn\/SouthernRust\/\">Differentiating Common Rust and Southern Rust of Corn<\/a>, (Video Presentation), Plant Management Network International.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><a href=\"#home\">Return to the Top<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-centered\" id=\"InsMite\">Insect\/Mite Pests<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-color-vineyard\" id=\"Birdcherry\">Bird cherry-oat aphid<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"collapse_bottom\"><strong>Common name<\/strong>:&nbsp;Bird cherry-oat aphid<br><strong>Latin binomial<\/strong>:&nbsp;<i>Rhopalosiphum padi<\/i>&nbsp;(L.)<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--quarters\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/sweet-corn-aphids-2l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Sweet-corn-aphids-2L.jpg\" alt=\"aphids-1\" class=\"wp-image-2814\" width=\"198\" height=\"149\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Sweet-corn-aphids-2L.jpg 800w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Sweet-corn-aphids-2L-396x297.jpg 396w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Live aphids, mummified\/parasitized aphids, and shed aphid skins.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Photographer \u2013 Johnny Stark\nSubmitted by Jenny Glass<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/sweet-corn-aphids-4l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Sweet-corn-aphids-4L.jpg\" alt=\"aphids-2\" class=\"wp-image-2815\" width=\"198\" height=\"149\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Sweet-corn-aphids-4L.jpg 800w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Sweet-corn-aphids-4L-396x297.jpg 396w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Live aphids, mummified\/parasitized aphids, and shed aphid skins.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Photographer \u2013 Johnny Stark\nSubmitted by Jenny Glass<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>On-Line Resources<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/uspest.org\/pnw\/insects\">Pacific Northwest Insect Management Handbook<\/a>. Chapter: Vegetables, Section: Corn, Sweet (aphids to armyworm).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><a href=\"#home\">Return to the Top<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-color-vineyard\" id=\"earworm\">Corn earworm<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Common name:<\/strong>&nbsp;Corn earworm<br><strong>Latin binomial:<\/strong>&nbsp;<em>Helicoverpa zea<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--quarters\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/corn-earworm-1l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Corn-earworm-1L-396x264.jpg\" alt=\"Corn earworm larvae feeding in an ear of sweet corn corn-1\" class=\"wp-image-2817\" width=\"198\" height=\"132\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Corn-earworm-1L-396x264.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Corn-earworm-1L.jpg 850w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Corn earworm larvae feeding in an ear of sweet corn.<br><strong>\nPhoto Source: <\/strong>Oregon State University HAREC-IAEP (Silvia Rondon\u2019s lab)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/corn-earworm-2l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Corn-earworm-2L-396x264.jpg\" alt=\"Corn earworm larvae-2\" class=\"wp-image-2818\" width=\"198\" height=\"132\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Corn-earworm-2L-396x264.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Corn-earworm-2L.jpg 850w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Corn earworm larvae feeding in an ear of sweet corn.<br><strong>\nPhoto Source: <\/strong>Oregon State University HAREC-IAEP (Silvia Rondon\u2019s lab)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>Online Resources<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pnwhandbooks.org\/insect\/vegetable\/vegetable-pests\/hosts-pests\/corn-sweet-corn-earworm\">Corn earworm<\/a>. Pacific Northwest Insect Management Handbook.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/ipm.illinois.edu\/fieldcrops\/insects\/corn_earworm\/index.html\">Corn earworm<\/a>. Integrated Peat Management, University of Illinois Extension.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/ipm.ucanr.edu\/PMG\/r113300911.html\">Corn earworm<\/a>. UC Pest Management Guidelines, Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program, University of California.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.extension.wsu.edu\/corn-earworm-pest-of-sweet-corn\">Corn Earworm Pest of Sweet Corn<\/a> FS221E, Pacific Northwest Vegetable Extension Group.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><a href=\"#home\">Return to the Top<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-color-vineyard\" id=\"rootworm\">Western corn rootworm<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Common name:<\/strong>&nbsp;Western corn rootworm<br><strong>Latin binomial:<\/strong>&nbsp;<em>Diabrotica virgifera virgifera<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--quarters\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/western-corn-rootworm-1l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Western-corn-rootworm-1L.jpg\" alt=\"Corn earworm on sweet corn\" class=\"wp-image-2819\" width=\"190\" height=\"194\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Western corn rootworm adult female.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Oregon State University HAREC-IAEP (Silvia Rondon\u2019s lab)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/western-corn-rootworm-2l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Western-corn-rootworm-2L.jpg\" alt=\"adult western corn rootworm\" class=\"wp-image-2820\" width=\"177\" height=\"194\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Western corn rootworm adult male.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Oregon State University HAREC-IAEP (Silvia Rondon\u2019s lab)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>Online Resources<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pnwhandbooks.org\/insect\/vegetable\/vegetable-pests\/hosts-pests\/corn-sweet-corn-rootworm-larvae\">Corn rootworm (larvae)<\/a>. Pacific Northwest Insect Management Handbook.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.plantmanagementnetwork.org\/\">Plant Management Network<\/a>&nbsp;&#8220;Focus on Corn&#8221; Webinars:<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.plantmanagementnetwork.org\/edcenter\/seminars\/corn\/AdultRootworm\/\">Adult Corn Rootworm Suppression<\/a> &#8211; Lance J. Meinke, University of Nebraska-Lincoln.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.plantmanagementnetwork.org\/edcenter\/seminars\/corn\/CRWDecisionTree\/\">Decision Tree for Grower Management Options: Re-Learning Corn Rootworm Management in the Transgenic Era<\/a>&nbsp;&#8211; Ken Ostlie, University of Minnesota<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.plantmanagementnetwork.org\/edcenter\/seminars\/corn\/CRWLarvalMgt\/\">Larval Corn Rootworm Management<\/a>&nbsp;&#8211; Robert Wright, University of Nebraska-Lincoln<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.plantmanagementnetwork.org\/edcenter\/seminars\/corn\/CRW_IRM\/\">Resistance Evolution and IRM for Rootworm<\/a>&nbsp;&#8211; Aaron Gassmann, Iowa State University<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.plantmanagementnetwork.org\/edcenter\/seminars\/corn\/CRWBehavior\/\">Rootworm Biology and Behavior<\/a>&nbsp;&#8211; Joseph L. Spencer, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/s3.wp.wsu.edu\/uploads\/sites\/2723\/2021\/08\/Western-corn-rootworm-in-eastern-OR-ID-and-eastern-WA-Murphy-et-al-2014-PNW662.pdf\">Western corn rootworm in eastern Oregon, Idaho, and eastern Washington (pdf)<\/a>. In the Pacific Northwest, western corn rootworm has been found in corn crops in eastern Oregon, Idaho, and eastern Washington. Though it is not as abundant in the PNW as it is in the Midwest, WCR still has the potential to damage corn in the region.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><a href=\"#home\">Return to the Top<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-color-vineyard\" id=\"Wireworm\">Wireworm<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wsu-max-width--hero\"><strong>Common name&nbsp;(of damaging stage)<\/strong>: Wireworm (adults are called click beetles or snapping beetles)<br><strong>Latin binomial<\/strong>:&nbsp;<em>Ctenicera&nbsp;spp.<\/em> and&nbsp;<em>Limonius&nbsp;spp.<\/em> Several kinds of wireworms are in the Pacific Northwest. Wireworms causing the most damage in irrigated areas are the Pacific Coast wireworm (<em>Limonius canus<\/em>), the sugar beet wireworm (L. <em>californicus<\/em>), the western field wireworm (<em>L. infuscatus<\/em>), and the Columbia Basin wireworm (<em>L. subauratus<\/em>). The Pacific Coast and sugar beet wireworms are the most common. Where annual rainfall is &lt;15 inches, the Great Basin wireworm (<em>Ctenicera pruinina<\/em>) may be a problem, especially when irrigated crops are grown on sagebrush or dry wheat land. This species usually disappears after a few years of irrigation, but may be replaced by<em> Limonius spp.<\/em> which are favored by moist conditions. West of the Cascades, other wireworm species are pests, including&nbsp;<em>Agriotes&nbsp;spp.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--quarters\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/onion-wireworm-1l-2\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Onion-wireworm-1L-1.jpg\" alt=\"wireworm damage to onion bulb\" class=\"wp-image-2821\" width=\"198\" height=\"149\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Onion-wireworm-1L-1.jpg 750w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Onion-wireworm-1L-1-396x297.jpg 396w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Tim Waters, WSU Extension Educator<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/onion-wireworm-2l-2\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Onion-wireworm-2L-1.jpg\" alt=\"wireworms in soil around onion roots\" class=\"wp-image-2822\" width=\"198\" height=\"149\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Onion-wireworm-2L-1.jpg 750w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Onion-wireworm-2L-1-396x297.jpg 396w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Tim Waters, WSU Extension Educator<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/onion-wireworm-3l-2\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Onion-wireworm-3L-1-396x277.jpg\" alt=\"wireworm in soil near onion roots\" class=\"wp-image-2823\" width=\"198\" height=\"139\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Onion-wireworm-3L-1-396x277.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Onion-wireworm-3L-1.jpg 750w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Gary Pelter, WSU Extension Educator Emeritus<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/onion-wireworm-4l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/onion-wireworm-4L.jpg\" alt=\"field of onions showing wireworm damage\" class=\"wp-image-2422\" width=\"198\" height=\"149\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/onion-wireworm-4L.jpg 650w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/onion-wireworm-4L-396x297.jpg 396w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Tim Waters,\nWSU Extension Educator<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--quarters\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/onion-wireworm-5l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/onion-wireworm-5L.jpg\" alt=\"Wireworm larvae\" class=\"wp-image-566\" width=\"164\" height=\"218\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/onion-wireworm-5L.jpg 525w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/onion-wireworm-5L-396x528.jpg 396w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 164px) 100vw, 164px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Photo Source:<\/strong> Lindsey du Toit, Washington State University<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/onion-wireworm-6l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/onion-wireworm-6L.jpg\" alt=\"Wireworms feeding on an onion plant in a bunching onion (CFC = cepa fisutlosum cross) seed crop.\" class=\"wp-image-2426\" width=\"165\" height=\"218\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Wireworms feeding on an onion plant in a bunching onion (CFC = <i>cepa fistulosum <\/i>cross) seed crop.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Lindsey du Toit, Washington State University<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/carrot-wireworm-1l-2\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Carrot-wireworm-1L.jpg\" alt=\"carrot showing wireworm and symptoms of wireworm damage\" class=\"wp-image-2829\" width=\"198\" height=\"149\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Carrot-wireworm-1L.jpg 750w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Carrot-wireworm-1L-396x297.jpg 396w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Damage to a carrot root from wireworms.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Doug Young, Professor Emeritus of Washington State University<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/wireworm-1l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Wireworm-1L-396x267.jpg\" alt=\"A wireworm (click beetle larva) in soil\" class=\"wp-image-2827\" width=\"198\" height=\"134\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Wireworm-1L-396x267.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Wireworm-1L.jpg 1084w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">A wireworm (click beetle larva).<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Oregon State University-Irrigated Agricultural Entomology Program (Silvia Rondon\u2019s lab).<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--sidebar-left\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/wireworm-2l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Wireworm-2L.jpg\" alt=\"wireworm feeding roots\" class=\"wp-image-2828\" width=\"179\" height=\"218\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">A wireworm feeding on plant roots.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Oregon State University-Irrigated Agricultural Entomology Program (Silvia Rondon\u2019s lab).<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--thirds\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/wireworm-clickbeetle-1l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/wireworm-clickbeetle-1L.jpg\" alt=\"click beetle-1\" class=\"wp-image-573\" width=\"126\" height=\"213\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/wireworm-clickbeetle-1L.jpg 505w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/wireworm-clickbeetle-1L-396x667.jpg 396w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 126px) 100vw, 126px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">A click beetle of the species <i>Agriotes obscurus<\/i>, the larvae of which are wireworms.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Oregon State University \u2013<a href=\"https:\/\/osac.science.oregonstate.edu\">Oregon State Arthropod Collection<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/wireworm-clickbeetle-2l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/wireworm-clickbeetle-2L.jpg\" alt=\"click beetle-2\" class=\"wp-image-571\" width=\"118\" height=\"213\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/wireworm-clickbeetle-2L.jpg 472w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/wireworm-clickbeetle-2L-396x713.jpg 396w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 118px) 100vw, 118px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">A click beetle of the species <i>Limonius californicus<\/i>, the larvae of which are wireworms.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Oregon State University \u2013 <a href=\"https:\/\/osac.science.oregonstate.edu\">Oregon State Arthropod Collection<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/wireworm-clickbeetle-3l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/wireworm-clickbeetle-3L.jpg\" alt=\"click beetle-3\" class=\"wp-image-572\" width=\"121\" height=\"213\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/wireworm-clickbeetle-3L.jpg 484w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/wireworm-clickbeetle-3L-396x695.jpg 396w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 121px) 100vw, 121px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">A click beetle of the species <i>Limonius canus<\/i>, the larvae of which are wireworms.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Oregon State University \u2013 <a href=\"https:\/\/osac.science.oregonstate.edu\">Oregon State Arthropod Collection<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>On-Line Resources<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pnwhandbooks.org\/insect\/vegetable\/vegetable-pests\/common-vegetable\/vegetable-crop-wireworm\">Pacific NorthwestInsect Management Handbook: Vegetable crop pests \u2013 Wireworm<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.omafra.gov.on.ca\/english\/crops\/facts\/00-047.htm\">Managing Wireworms in Vegetable Crops<\/a>. Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/vegedge.umn.edu\/insect-pest-profiles\/wireworms\">Wireworms<\/a>. VegEdge, University of Minnesota.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/s3.wp.wsu.edu\/uploads\/sites\/2723\/2021\/06\/wireworm_syngenta_booklet_2010_web.pdf\">Wireworm Field Guide (pdf)<\/a>&nbsp;&#8211; A guide to the identification and control of wireworms, Syngenta Crop Protection Canada, Inc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.extension.wsu.edu\/wireworm-biology-and-nonchemical-management-in-potatoes-in-the-pacific-northwest\">Wireworm Biology and Nonchemical Management in Potatoes in the Pacific Northwest<\/a>, N. Andrews, M. Ambrosino, G. Fisher, and S.I. Rondon, Pacific Northwest Extension Publication no. PNW607.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><a href=\"#home\">Return to the Top<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-centered\" id=\"Abiotic\">Abiotic Problems Common to Sweet Corn<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-color-vineyard\" id=\"Airpollution\">Air pollution or ozone injury<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wsu-max-width--hero\"><b>Common name<\/b>: Air pollution or ozone injury<br><b>Cause<\/b>: During very hot conditions in summer, combined with the presence of excessive air particulate matter, e.g., from wildfires, symptoms of air pollution and\/or ozone injury have been observed in center-pivot irrigated sweet corn crops east of the Cascade Mountains in the Pacific Northwest USA.<br><b>Host Crops<\/b>: Various vegetables such as bean, potato, and sweet corn.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--quarters\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/corn-ozone-injury-1l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Corn-ozone-injury-1L.jpg\" alt=\"ozone or air pollution injury\" class=\"wp-image-2832\" width=\"165\" height=\"220\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Corn-ozone-injury-1L.jpg 480w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Corn-ozone-injury-1L-396x528.jpg 396w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 165px) 100vw, 165px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Possible symptoms of ozone or air pollution injury to a sweet corn crop.<br><strong>\nPhoto Source: <\/strong>Carrie H. Wohleb, Washington State University Extension<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><a href=\"#home\">Return to the Top<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-color-vineyard\" id=\"herbicide\">Injury to corn plants from the herbicide Prowl<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wsu-max-width--hero\"><b>Common name:<\/b>&nbsp;Injury to corn plants from the herbicide Prowl<br><b>Cause:&nbsp;<\/b>The herbicide Prowl (active ingredient pendimethalin) is in the dinitroaniline (DNA) group of herbicides. Herbicides in this group inhibit root formation in susceptible plants. The herbicide blocks mitosis (cell division) in the root tip, causing short, club-like roots in corn. Plants that emerge may be stunted, and may have a red or purple margin to the leaves. Severely affected plants may die of drought stress, even if there is available water in the soil, as the plants cannot develop enough root system to support the water needs of the developing leaves\/shoots. Roots that grow beyond the treated zone of the soil will start to grow normally again. DNA herbicides like pendimethalin can injure emerging corn plants if soil conditions are cool and wet after planting, or when corn seed is planted too shallow and\/or comes into direct contact with the herbicide.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--quarters\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/sweet-corn-prowl-damage-1l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Sweet-corn-prowl-damage-1L-rotated-1.jpg\" alt=\"Injury to corn plants\" class=\"wp-image-2833\" width=\"164\" height=\"218\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Sweet-corn-prowl-damage-1L-rotated-1.jpg 600w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Sweet-corn-prowl-damage-1L-rotated-1-396x528.jpg 396w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 164px) 100vw, 164px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Sweet corn root damage caused by the herbicide Prowl (pendimethalin).<br><strong>\t \nPhoto Source: <\/strong>Tim Waters, Washington State University<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>Online Resources<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.omafra.gov.on.ca\/english\/crops\/facts\/herbinjury_gallery\/corn_dinitroaniline.htm\">Herbicide Injury: Dinitroaniline Herbicides (Treflan, Rival, Bonanza, Prowl) injury to Corn<\/a>, Excerpt from Agronomy Guide for Field Crops, Greg Stewart &#8211; Corn Industry Program Lead\/Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (OMAFRA); Mike Cowbrough &#8211; Weed Management Field Crops Program Lead\/OMAFRA.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/edis.ifas.ufl.edu\/ag374\">Diagnosing Herbicide Injury in Corn<\/a>, SS-AGR-365, Agronomy Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida (scroll to Section 5 on \u2018Seedling Growth Inhibitors\u2019 and the subheading \u2018Dinitroanilines\u2019).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cof.orst.edu\/cof\/fs\/kpuettmann\/FS%20533\/Vegetation%20Management\/Herbicide%20Mode%20of%20Action%20and%20Injury%20Symptoms.htm#:~:text=Herbicide%20uptake%20is%20primarily%20through,obvious%20on%20newly%20developing%20leaves.&amp;text=Injury%20Symptoms%3A%20Broadleaf%20plants%20exhibit,parallel%20veins%2C%20leaf%20strapping).\">Herbicide Mode of Action and Injury Symptoms<\/a>, North Central Regional Extension Publication No. 377, University of Minnesota Extension Service (scroll to Section IV. \u2018Seedling Growth Inhibitors\u2019).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/ipm.missouri.edu\/IPCM\/2009\/4\/Cool-Wet-Soils-Can-result-in-More-Corn-Injury-from-Preemergence-Residual-Herbicides\/\">Cool, Wet Soils Can result in More Corn Injury from Preemergence Residual Herbicides<\/a>, Integrated Pest Management, Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><a href=\"#home\">Return to the Top<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-callout  wsu-border--add-top\" >\r\n        \n<div class=\"wsu-note\">\n\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wsu-note__title\">\n\t\t\tPDF Accessibility\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\n\n<p class=\"wsu-max-width--hero\">If you need the content provided on this site in an alternate format or for further information on the Vegetable Seed Pathology program, <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wsu-max-width--hero\">please contact:&nbsp;<strong>Lindsey du Toit at&nbsp;<a href=\"mailto:dutoit@wsu.edu\">dutoit@wsu.edu<\/a>&nbsp;or at 360-848-6140<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<section  class=\"wsu-section wsu-width--full\"  >\r\n    <div class=\"wsu-section__inner wsu-width--content\">    \n\n<p class=\"wsu-max-width--hero wsu-spacing-after--none wsu-spacing-bottom--none wsu-spacing-before--default\">Our pages provide links to external sites for the convenience of users. WSU Extension does not manage these external sites, nor does Extension review, control, or take responsibility for the content of these sites. These external sites do not implicitly or explicitly represent official positions and policies of WSU Extension.<\/p>\n\n    <\/div><\/section>\n        <div id=\"cahnrs-back-to-top\" class=\"cahnrs-back-to-top\" hidden aria-hidden=\"true\">\n            <a id=\"cahnrs-back-to-top-btn\" class=\"cahnrs-back-to-top__btn\" href=\"#product-top\" aria-label=\"Back to top\">\n                <span class=\"cahnrs-back-to-top__icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2191<\/span>\n                <span class=\"cahnrs-back-to-top__label\">Back to top<\/span>\n            <\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <div id=\"cahnrs-back-to-top\" class=\"cahnrs-back-to-top\" hidden aria-hidden=\"true\">\n            <a id=\"cahnrs-back-to-top-btn\" class=\"cahnrs-back-to-top__btn\" href=\"#product-top\" aria-label=\"Back to top\">\n                <span class=\"cahnrs-back-to-top__icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2191<\/span>\n                <span class=\"cahnrs-back-to-top__label\">Back to top<\/span>\n            <\/a>\n        <\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Diseases[action label=&quot;Insect\/Mite Pests&quot; link=&quot;https:\/\/stage.web.wsu.edu\/path-team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/sweet-corn\/#Insect\/Mite Pests&quot; style=&quot;in-page-action&quot; ]Bacterial stalk rot Common rustInsect\/Mite PestsCommon smut Head smutHigh plains disease Southern rustBird cherry-oat aphid Corn earwormWestern corn rootworm WirewormAbiotic Problems Common to Sweet Corn Air pollution or ozone&amp;hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"parent":52,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_expiration_date":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/188"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=188"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/188\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8307,"href":"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/188\/revisions\/8307"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/52"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=188"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=188"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=188"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}