{"id":185,"date":"2021-06-13T18:03:01","date_gmt":"2021-06-14T01:03:01","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/stage.web.wsu.edu\/path-team\/?page_id=185"},"modified":"2024-10-21T10:34:00","modified_gmt":"2024-10-21T17:34:00","slug":"spinach","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/spinach\/","title":{"rendered":"Spinach"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wsu-row  wsu-color-background--gray-5 wsu-row--thirds\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wsu-cta  wsu-cta--width-inline\" >\n\t<a \t\t\t\t\thref=\"#Diseases\"\t\n\t\tclass=\"wsu-button \">\n\t\t\t\n\t\tDiseases\t\t\t<\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wsu-cta  wsu-cta--width-inline\" >\n\t<a \t\t\t\t\thref=\"#InsMite\"\t\n\t\tclass=\"wsu-button \">\n\t\t\t\n\t\tInsect\/Mite Pests\t\t\t<\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wsu-cta  wsu-cta--width-inline\" >\n\t<a \t\t\t\t\thref=\"#Abiotic\"\t\n\t\tclass=\"wsu-button \">\n\t\t\t\n\t\tAbiotic Problems \t\t\t<\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-centered\" id=\"home\">Diseases<\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--halves\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#Anthracnose\">Anthracnose<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#Cladosporium\">Cladosporium leaf spot<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#Damping\">Damping-off\/Seedling blight<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#Downy\">Downy mildew<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#Fusarium\">Fusarium wilt<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#Stemphylium\">Stemphylium leaf spot<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#Verticillium\">Verticillium wilt<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-centered\">Insect\/Mite Pests<\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--halves\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#bugs\">Lygus bugs<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#leafminer\">Spinach leafminer<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#mites\">Spider mites<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#Springtails\">Springtails<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#Wireworm\">Wireworm<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-centered\">Abiotic Problems<\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--halves\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#Edema\">Edema<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#Herbicide\">Herbicide injury<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--single\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">(Click on photo to enlarge)<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-centered\" id=\"Diseases\">Diseases<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-color-vineyard\" id=\"Anthracnose\">Anthracnose<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"collapse_bottom\"><strong>Disease<\/strong>:&nbsp;Anthracnose<br><strong>Latin binomial<\/strong>:&nbsp;<em>Colletotrichum dematium (= Colletotrichum spinaciae, Colletotrichum dematium f. sp. spinaciae).<\/em><br><strong>Host crops<\/strong>: Spinach<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--quarters\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/spinach-anthracnose-1l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-anthracnose-1L.jpg\" alt=\"symptoms of anthrcnose on spinach\" class=\"wp-image-2733\" width=\"198\" height=\"149\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-anthracnose-1L.jpg 650w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-anthracnose-1L-396x297.jpg 396w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Watersoaked lesions on spinach leaves caused by&nbsp;<em>Colletotrichum dematium<\/em>.<br><strong>Photo Source:<\/strong>&nbsp;Jules Riske, Osborne International Seed Co.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/spinach-anthracnose-2l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-anthracnose-2L.jpg\" alt=\"close up view of anthrcnose on spinach\" class=\"wp-image-2734\" width=\"198\" height=\"149\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-anthracnose-2L.jpg 650w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-anthracnose-2L-396x297.jpg 396w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Watersoaked lesions on spinach leaves caused by&nbsp;<em>Colletotrichum dematium<\/em>.<br><strong>Photo Source:<\/strong>&nbsp;Jules Riske, Osborne International Seed Co.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/spinach-anthracnose-3l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-anthracnose-3L-396x268.jpg\" alt=\"Covair seed with Colletotrichum dematium\" class=\"wp-image-2735\" width=\"198\" height=\"149\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Acervuli (fruiting bodies) of&nbsp;<em>Colletotrichum dematium<\/em>&nbsp;on a spinach seed.<br><strong>Photo Source:<\/strong>&nbsp;Lindsey du&nbsp;Toit, Washington State University<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/spinach-anthracnose-4l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-anthracnose-4L-396x361.jpg\" alt=\"fruiting body of Collectotrichum dematium\" class=\"wp-image-2736\" width=\"151\" height=\"149\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">An acervulus (fruiting body) of&nbsp;<em>Colletotrichum dematium<\/em>&nbsp;showing the straight, black setae (\u2018hairs\u2019) and a gelatinous mass of spores that is readily splash-dispersed.<br><strong>Photo Source:<\/strong>&nbsp;Lindsey du&nbsp;Toit, Washington State University<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--quarters\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/spinach-anthracnose-5l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-anthracnose-5L-396x293.jpg\" alt=\"close up view of Anthracnose pathogen\" class=\"wp-image-2737\" width=\"198\" height=\"149\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Spores of the Anthracnose pathogen,&nbsp;<em>Colletotrichum dematium<\/em>.<br><strong>Photo Source:<\/strong>&nbsp;Lindsey du&nbsp;Toit, Washington State University<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>Online Resources<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/himalayanblossoms.com\/PDF%20Files\/Spinach\/SpinachDiseases.pdf\">Spinach Diseases: Field Identification, Implications, &amp; Management Practices (pdf)<\/a>&nbsp;by Lindsey du Toit, Washington State University, presented on 23 May 2006 at the Organic Seed Alliance Spinach Seed Field Day.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/cpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com\/wordpressua.uark.edu\/dist\/0\/310\/files\/2017\/06\/Biology-and-management-of-spinach-anthracnose-%E2%80%93-John-Damicone_Part3.pdf\">Biology and Management of Spinach Anthracnose (pdf)<\/a>. Oklahoma State University.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Diseases of spinach (&nbsp;Spinacia oleracea&nbsp;) in Arizona: Anthracnose. The University of Arizona.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/wiki.bugwood.org\/HPIPM:Anthracnose_Spinach\">HPIPM: Anthracnose Spinach<\/a>. Bugwood Wiki.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www2.ipm.ucanr.edu\/agriculture\/spinach\/Anthracnose\/\">Spinach: Anthracnose<\/a>. UC IPM Online, University of California.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><a href=\"#home\">Return to the Top<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-color-vineyard\" id=\"Cladosporium\">Cladosporium leaf spot<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Disease<\/strong>:&nbsp;Cladosporium leaf spot<br><strong>Causal agent<\/strong>:&nbsp;<em>Cladosporium variable<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--quarters\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/spinach-cladosporium-leaf-spot-1l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-Cladosporium-leaf-spot-1L-396x264.jpg\" alt=\"Leaf spon complex on spinach\" class=\"wp-image-2738\" width=\"198\" height=\"132\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-Cladosporium-leaf-spot-1L-396x264.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-Cladosporium-leaf-spot-1L.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Photo Source:\n<\/strong>D.A. Inglis<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/spinach-cladosporium-leaf-spot-2l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-Cladosporium-leaf-spot-2L-396x254.jpg\" alt=\"cladosporium leaf spot on spinach\" class=\"wp-image-2739\" width=\"198\" height=\"127\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-Cladosporium-leaf-spot-2L-396x254.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-Cladosporium-leaf-spot-2L.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Very early symptoms of Cladosporium leaf spot on the cultivar \u2018Ozarka II\u2019.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Lindsey du Toit<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/spinach-cladosporium-leaf-spot-3l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-Cladosporium-leaf-spot-3L.jpg\" alt=\"cladosporium leaf spot symptoms on spinach-1\" class=\"wp-image-2740\" width=\"148\" height=\"218\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Necrotic lesions of Cladosporium leaf spot on \u2018Winter Bloomsdale\u2019.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Lindsey du Toit<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/spinach-cladosporium-leaf-spot-4l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-Cladosporium-leaf-spot-4L.jpg\" alt=\"cladosporium leaf spot symptoms on spinach-2\" class=\"wp-image-2741\" width=\"169\" height=\"127\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-Cladosporium-leaf-spot-4L.jpg 600w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-Cladosporium-leaf-spot-4L-396x297.jpg 396w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 169px) 100vw, 169px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Severe symptoms of Cladosporium leaf spot in a spinach seed crop.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Lindsey du Toit<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--quarters\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/spinach-cladosporium-leaf-spot-5l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-Cladosporium-leaf-spot-5L.jpg\" alt=\"cladosporium leaf spot symptoms on spinach-3\" class=\"wp-image-2742\" width=\"162\" height=\"218\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Severe symptoms of Cladosporium leaf spot. Note the sporulation of the fungus in the lesions.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Lindsey du Toit<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/spinach-stemphylium-leaf-spot-6l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-stemphylium-leaf-spot-6L-396x277.jpg\" alt=\"stemphylium leaf spot\" class=\"wp-image-2743\" width=\"198\" height=\"139\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-stemphylium-leaf-spot-6L-396x277.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-stemphylium-leaf-spot-6L.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Symptoms of Cladosporium leaf spot (left, caused by <i>Cladosporium variabile<\/i>) vs. Stemphylium leaf spot (right, caused by <i>Stemphylium botryosum<\/i>).<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Mike Derie<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/spinach-stemphylium-leaf-spot-7l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-stemphylium-leaf-spot-7L-396x290.jpg\" alt=\"symptoms of stemphylium leaf spot\" class=\"wp-image-2744\" width=\"198\" height=\"145\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-stemphylium-leaf-spot-7L-396x290.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-stemphylium-leaf-spot-7L.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Symptoms of Stemphylium and Cladosporium leaf spots on a spinach plant co-inoculated with<i> Stemphylium botryosum<\/i> and <i>Cladosporium variabile<\/i>.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Mike Derie<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>Online Resources<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pnwhandbooks.org\/plantdisease\/spinach-spinacia-oleracea-leaf-spot\">Pacific Northwest Plant Disease Management Handbook: Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) \u2013 Leaf Spot<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/ipmdata.ipmcenters.org\/documents\/cropprofiles\/WAspinachseed.pdf\">Crop Profile for Spinach Seed in Washington (pdf)<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><a href=\"#home\">Return to the Top<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-color-vineyard\" id=\"Damping\">Damping-off\/Seedling blight<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Disease<\/strong>:&nbsp;Damping-off\/Seedling blight<br><strong>Pathogen<\/strong>:&nbsp;<em>Aphanomyces<\/em>, <em>Fusarium<\/em>, <em>Pythium<\/em>, and&nbsp;<em>Rhizoctonia&nbsp;species<\/em>.<br><b>Host crops<\/b>: Most vegetables are susceptible to damping-off\/seedling blight including&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/cucurbits\/watermelon\/#Damping\">watermelon<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--quarters\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/spinach-damping-off-1l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-damping-off-1L-396x272.jpg\" alt=\"wilted and dead spinach seedlings\" class=\"wp-image-2746\" width=\"198\" height=\"136\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-damping-off-1L-396x272.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-damping-off-1L.jpg 1491w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Post-emergence damping-off of spinach seedlings. Note the wilted and dead seedlings in the center of the photo.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Lindsey du Toit, Washington State University<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/spinach-damping-off-2l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-damping-off-2L-396x317.jpg\" alt=\"Damped-off spinach sroot symptoms\" class=\"wp-image-2747\" width=\"198\" height=\"136\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Damped-off spinach seedlings washed in water to show root symptoms. Note the brown and blackened roots of damped-off seedlings compared to the white root of a healthy seedling.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Lindsey du Toit, Washington State University<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>On-Line Resources<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pnwhandbooks.org\/plantdisease\/pathogen-articles\/common\/fungi\/damping-vegetable-seedlings\">Pacific Northwest Plant Disease Management Handbook: Damping-off in Vegetable Seedlings<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/hortsense.cahnrs.wsu.edu\/fact-sheet\/spinach-damping-off\/\">Common Diseases: Damping-off<\/a>. Washington State University Hortsense.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www2.ipm.ucanr.edu\/agriculture\/spinach\/Damping-off-and-Root-Rot\/\">University of California IPM online page on spinach damping-off and root rot.<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><a href=\"#home\">Return to the Top<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-color-vineyard\" id=\"Downy\">Downy Mildew<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Disease<\/strong>:&nbsp;Downy Mildew<br><strong>Pathogen<\/strong>:<em>&nbsp;Peronospora farinosa&nbsp;f. sp.&nbsp;spinaciae<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--quarters\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/spinach-downy-mildew-1l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-downy-mildew-1L.jpg\" alt=\"chlorotic leasions on upper surface of baby leaf spinach crop infected with downy mildew\" class=\"wp-image-2748\" width=\"198\" height=\"149\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-downy-mildew-1L.jpg 733w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-downy-mildew-1L-396x297.jpg 396w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Chlorotic lesions on the upper surface of a baby leaf spinach crop infected with downy mildew.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Lindsey du Toit<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/spinach-downy-mildew-2l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-downy-mildew-2L.jpg\" alt=\"Gray-brown sporulation of Peronospora farinosa f. sp. spinaciae on a spinach cotyledon\" class=\"wp-image-2749\" width=\"198\" height=\"149\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-downy-mildew-2L.jpg 733w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-downy-mildew-2L-396x297.jpg 396w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Gray-brown sporulation of <i>Peronospora farinosa f. sp. spinaciae<\/i> on a spinach cotyledon.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Lindsey du Toit<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/spinach-downy-mildew-3l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-downy-mildew-3L.jpg\" alt=\"sporulation on the lower spinach leaf surface\" class=\"wp-image-2750\" width=\"161\" height=\"215\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-downy-mildew-3L.jpg 413w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-downy-mildew-3L-396x527.jpg 396w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 161px) 100vw, 161px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Sporulation on the lower leaf surface.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Lindsey du Toit<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/spinach-downy-mildew-4l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-downy-mildew-4L-396x307.jpg\" alt=\"sporangiophore and sporangia of Peronospora farinosa f. sp. spinaciae\" class=\"wp-image-2751\" width=\"198\" height=\"154\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-downy-mildew-4L-396x307.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-downy-mildew-4L.jpg 710w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Sporangiophore and sporangia of<i> Peronospora farinosa f. sp. spinaciae.<\/i><br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Lindsey du Toit<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>Online Resources<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pnwhandbooks.org\/plantdisease\/host-disease\/spinach-spinacia-oleracea-downy-mildew\">Pacific Northwest Plant Disease Management Handbook: Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) \u2013 Downy Mildew<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www2.ipm.ucanr.edu\/agriculture\/spinach\/Downy-Mildew\/\">UC Pest Management Guidelines: Spinach: Downy Mildew<\/a>. UC IPM Online. University of California.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><a href=\"#home\">Return to the Top<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-color-vineyard\" id=\"Fusarium\">Fusarium wilt<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Disease<\/strong>:&nbsp;Fusarium wilt<br><strong>Pathogen<\/strong>:&nbsp;<em>Fusarium oxysporum&nbsp;f. sp.&nbsp;spinaciae<\/em><br><strong>Host crops<\/strong>: Spinach. Other crops can be asymptomatic hosts, e.g., beet and Swiss chard.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--quarters\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/spinach-fusarium-wilt-1l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-fusarium-wilt-1L.jpg\" alt=\"Fusarium wilt symptoms\" class=\"wp-image-2752\" width=\"198\" height=\"149\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-fusarium-wilt-1L.jpg 550w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-fusarium-wilt-1L-396x297.jpg 396w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Variation in severity of Fusarium wilt of spinach plants growing in soil sampled from different growers\u2019 fields in western Washington.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Lindsey du Toit, Washington State University<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/spinach-fusarium-wilt-2l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-fusarium-wilt-2L-396x295.jpg\" alt=\"showing typical blackening of spinach roots\" class=\"wp-image-2753\" width=\"198\" height=\"148\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-fusarium-wilt-2L-396x295.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-fusarium-wilt-2L.jpg 750w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Typical blackening of spinach roots caused by Fusarium <i>oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae.<\/i><br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Lindsey du Toit, Washington State University<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/spinach-fusarium-wilt-3l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-fusarium-wilt-3L-396x253.jpg\" alt=\"showing spinach plants dying as a result of Fusarium wilt\" class=\"wp-image-2754\" width=\"198\" height=\"127\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-fusarium-wilt-3L-396x253.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-fusarium-wilt-3L.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Spinach plants dying as a result of Fusarium wilt in a spinach seed crop in New Zealand.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Lindsey du Toit, Washington State University<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/spinach-fusarium-wilt-4l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-fusarium-wilt-4L-396x272.jpg\" alt=\"spinach-verticillium-wilt\" class=\"wp-image-2755\" width=\"198\" height=\"136\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-fusarium-wilt-4L-396x272.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-fusarium-wilt-4L.jpg 637w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Longitudinal section through the root system of a healthy spinach plant (left), a spinach plant infected with Verticillium wilt (center), and a spinach plant infected with Fusarium wilt (right). Note the very light vascular discoloration caused by Verticillium wilt vs. dark, black discoloration from Fusarium wilt.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Lindsey du Toit, Washington State University<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>Online Resources<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/s3.wp.wsu.edu\/uploads\/sites\/2723\/2021\/08\/du-Toit-et-a-2011-08-spinach-limestone-trial-PDMR-5-V117.pdf\">Effect of agricultural limestone amendment on Fusarium wilt and Verticillium wilt in a spinach seed crop, 2008 (pdf)<\/a>. Plant Disease Management Reports<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/s3.wp.wsu.edu\/uploads\/sites\/2723\/2021\/08\/du-Toit-et-al-Spinach-Fusarium-wilt-limestone-PDMR-1-V091-2007.pdf\">Evaluation of limestone amendments for control of Fusarium wilt in a spinach seed crop, 2006 (pdf)<\/a>. Plant Disease Management Reports<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/s3.wp.wsu.edu\/uploads\/sites\/2723\/2021\/08\/du-Toit-2013-WE-ACSC-mtg-spinach-Fus-Vert-wilts.pdf\">Fusarium &amp; Verticillium Wilts in Spinach: Research Update (pdf)<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><a href=\"#home\">Return to the Top<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-color-vineyard\" id=\"Stemphylium\">Stemphylium leaf spot<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Disease<\/strong>:&nbsp;Stemphylium leaf spot<br><strong>Causal agent<\/strong>:&nbsp;<i>Stemphylium botryosum<\/i>&nbsp;(asexual stage) (=&nbsp;<i>Pleospora herbarum<\/i>, sexual stage)<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--quarters\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/spinach-stemphylium-leaf-spot-1l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-stemphylium-leaf-spot-1L-396x602.jpg\" alt=\"stemphylium leaf spot symptoms-1\" class=\"wp-image-2758\" width=\"157\" height=\"239\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-stemphylium-leaf-spot-1L-396x602.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-stemphylium-leaf-spot-1L.jpg 526w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 157px) 100vw, 157px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Early symptoms of Stemphylium leaf spot on the cultivar &#8216;Winter Bloomsdale&#8217;.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Lindsey du Toit<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/spinach-stemphylium-leaf-spot-2l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-stemphylium-leaf-spot-2L-396x299.jpg\" alt=\"stemphylium leaf spot symptoms-2\" class=\"wp-image-2759\" width=\"198\" height=\"148\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Necrotic, expanding lesions of Stemphylium leaf spot.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Lindsey du Toit<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/spinach-stemphylium-leaf-spot-3l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-stemphylium-leaf-spot-3L-396x435.jpg\" alt=\"stemphylium leaf spot symptoms-3\" class=\"wp-image-2760\" width=\"193\" height=\"213\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-stemphylium-leaf-spot-3L-396x435.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-stemphylium-leaf-spot-3L.jpg 546w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 193px) 100vw, 193px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Severe symptoms of Stemphylium leaf spot can resemble herbicide injury.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Lindsey du Toit<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--quarters\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/spinach-stemphylium-leaf-spot-6l-2\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-stemphylium-leaf-spot-6L-1-396x277.jpg\" alt=\"stemphylium leaf spot symptoms-4\" class=\"wp-image-2763\" width=\"198\" height=\"139\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-stemphylium-leaf-spot-6L-1-396x277.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-stemphylium-leaf-spot-6L-1.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Symptoms of Cladosporium leaf spot (left, caused by&nbsp;<em>Cladosporium variabile<\/em>) vs. Stemphylium leaf spot (right, caused by&nbsp;<em>Stemphylium botryosum<\/em>).<br><strong>Photo Source:<\/strong>&nbsp;Mike Derie<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/spinach-stemphylium-leaf-spot-5l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-stemphylium-leaf-spot-5L-396x290.jpg\" alt=\"stemphylium leaf spot symptoms-5\" class=\"wp-image-2762\" width=\"198\" height=\"145\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-stemphylium-leaf-spot-5L-396x290.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-stemphylium-leaf-spot-5L.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Symptoms of Stemphylium and Cladosporium leaf spots on a spinach plant co-inoculated with<i> Stemphylium botryosum<\/i> and <i>Cladosporium variabile<\/i>.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Mike Derie<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>Online Resources<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pnwhandbooks.org\/plantdisease\/host-disease\/spinach-spinacia-oleracea-stemphylium-leaf-spot\">Pacific Northwest Plant Disease Management Handbook: Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) \u2013 Stemphylium Leaf Spot<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/ipmdata.ipmcenters.org\/documents\/cropprofiles\/WAspinachseed.pdf\">Crop Profile for Spinach Seed in Washington (pdf)<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><a href=\"#home\">Return to the Top<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-color-vineyard\" id=\"Verticillium\">Verticillium wilt<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wsu-max-width--hero\"><strong>Disease<\/strong>:&nbsp;Verticillium wilt<br><strong>Causal agent<\/strong>:&nbsp;<i>Verticillium dahliae<\/i><br><b>Host crops<\/b>: Numerous vegetables including many brassica vegetables (but not broccoli), cucumber,<br>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/eggplant\/#Verticilliumwilt\">eggplant<\/a>, pepper,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/potato\/#Verticilliumwilt\">potato<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/cucurbits\/pumpkin\/#Verticilliumwilt\">pumpkin<\/a>, radish, spinach,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/tomato\/#Verticilliumwilt\">tomato<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/cucurbits\/watermelon\/#Verticilliumwilt\">watermelon<\/a>, etc.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--quarters\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/spinach-verticillium-wilt-1l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-verticillium-wilt-1L.jpg\" alt=\"verticillium wilt symptoms of spinach-1\" class=\"wp-image-2765\" width=\"198\" height=\"163\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-verticillium-wilt-1L.jpg 731w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-verticillium-wilt-1L-396x325.jpg 396w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Symptoms of Verticillium wilt only develop after initiation of &#8216;bolting&#8217; (reproductive growth), and start as interveinal chlorosis of the lower leaves that progresses to interveinal necrosis.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Lindsey du Toit<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/spinach-verticillium-wilt-2l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-verticillium-wilt-2L-396x272.jpg\" alt=\"verticillium wilt symptoms of spinach-2\" class=\"wp-image-2766\" width=\"198\" height=\"136\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-verticillium-wilt-2L-396x272.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-verticillium-wilt-2L.jpg 637w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Longitudinal section through the root system of a healthy spinach plant (left), a spinach plant infected with Verticillium wilt (center), and a spinach plant infected with Fusarium wilt (right). Note the very light vascular discoloration caused by Verticillium wilt vs. dark, black discoloration from Fusarium wilt.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Lindsey du Toit<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/spinach-verticillium-wilt-3l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-verticillium-wilt-3L-396x391.jpg\" alt=\"verticillium wilt symptoms of spinach-3\" class=\"wp-image-2767\" width=\"198\" height=\"196\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-verticillium-wilt-3L-396x391.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-verticillium-wilt-3L.jpg 608w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Longitudinal section through the stem of a healthy spinach plant (left) and a spinach plant infected with Verticillium wilt (right). The plants were incubated in a moist chamber for a week after they were cut. Note the small black microsclerotia of <i>Verticillium dahliae<\/i> in the vascular tissue of the infected plant.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Lindsey du Toit<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--quarters\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/spinach-verticillium-wilt-4l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-verticillium-wilt-4L-396x295.jpg\" alt=\"verticillium wilt symptoms of spinach-4\" class=\"wp-image-2768\" width=\"198\" height=\"148\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-verticillium-wilt-4L-396x295.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-verticillium-wilt-4L.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Closeup of a spinach seed showing microsclerotia (small black spots) and mycelium of <i>Verticillium dahliae<\/i>.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Lindsey du Toit<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/spinach-verticillium-wilt-5l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-verticillium-wilt-5L-396x373.jpg\" alt=\"verticillium wilt of spinach seeds-5\" class=\"wp-image-2769\" width=\"164\" height=\"148\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Spinach seeds infected with <i>Verticillium dahliae<\/i> (six seeds with white mycelium) in a freeze-blotter seed assay.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Lindsey du Toit<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>Online Resources<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/s3.wp.wsu.edu\/uploads\/sites\/2723\/2021\/08\/VerticilliumWiltOfSpinach-PD-89-4-11.pdf\">Verticillium Wilt in Spinach Seed Production (pdf)<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pnwhandbooks.org\/plantdisease\/host-disease\/spinach-spinacia-oleracea-verticillium-wilt\">Pacific Northwest Plant Disease Management Handbook: Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) \u2013 Verticillium Wilt<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/ipmdata.ipmcenters.org\/documents\/cropprofiles\/WAspinachseed.pdf\">Crop Profile for Spinach Seed in Washington (pdf)<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>See&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/diseases-pests-and-other-problems-common-to-many-vegetables\/#Verticillium\">Diseases, pests, and other problems common to many vegetables: Verticillium wilt<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/s3.wp.wsu.edu\/uploads\/sites\/2723\/2021\/08\/du-Toit-2013-WE-ACSC-mtg-spinach-Fus-Vert-wilts.pdf\">Fusarium &amp; Verticillium Wilts in Spinach: Research Update (pdf)<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><a href=\"#home\">Return to the Top<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-centered\" id=\"InsMite\">Insect\/Mite Pests<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-color-vineyard\" id=\"bugs\">Lygus bugs<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"collapse_bottom wsu-max-width--hero\"><strong>Common name<\/strong>:&nbsp;Lygus bugs<br><strong>Latin binomial<\/strong>:&nbsp;<i>Lygus<\/i>&nbsp;spp.<br><b>Host crops<\/b>: Numerous different species of vegetables and other crops, e.g., alfalfa, beet, cabbage,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/carrot\/#Lygusbugs\">carrot<\/a>, spinach,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/swiss-chard\/#Lygus\">Swiss chard<\/a>, etc. Lygus bugs can cause different types of damage to various growth stages of different crops. They cause blackheart on celery, blasting on flower tissues, collapse of asparagus spears, decreased yields in carrot, beet, spinach, and other seed crops, etc.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--quarters\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/spinach-lygus-bug-1l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-lygus-bug-1L-396x416.jpg\" alt=\"lygus bug damage on a spinach seed crop\" class=\"wp-image-2770\" width=\"187\" height=\"196\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-lygus-bug-1L-396x416.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-lygus-bug-1L.jpg 524w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 187px) 100vw, 187px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Lygus bugs cause damage in spinach seed crops by feeding on the developing flowers and seed. A black sticky substance is often produced at the site of feeding injury.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Lindsey du Toit, Washington State University<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/spinach-lygus-bug-2l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-lygus-bug-2L-396x207.jpg\" alt=\"damaged spinach seed crop by lygus bugs\" class=\"wp-image-2771\" width=\"198\" height=\"104\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-lygus-bug-2L-396x207.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-lygus-bug-2L.jpg 750w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Lygus bugs cause damage in spinach seed crops by feeding on the developing flowers and seed. A black sticky substance is often produced at the site of feeding injury.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Lindsey du Toit, Washington State University<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/swiss-chard-lygus-bug-5l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/swiss-chard-lygus-bug-5L-396x264.jpg\" alt=\"lygus bug on a Swiss chard plant-3\" class=\"wp-image-1156\" width=\"198\" height=\"132\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/swiss-chard-lygus-bug-5L-396x264.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/swiss-chard-lygus-bug-5L.jpg 750w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">A lygus bug on a Swiss chard plant. Note the wing pads developing on the insect.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Bev Gerdeman, WSU Entomologist<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>Online Resources<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><a rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/pnwhandbooks.org\/insect\/vegetable\/vegetable-pests\/common-vegetable\/vegetable-crop-lygus-bug\" target=\"blank\">Pacific Northwest Insect Management Handbook: Vegetable crop pests \u2013 Lygus bug<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><a href=\"#home\">Return to the Top<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-color-vineyard\" id=\"leafminer\">Spinach leafminer<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wsu-max-width--hero\"><strong>Common name<\/strong>:&nbsp;Spinach leafminer<br><strong>Latin binomial<\/strong>:&nbsp;<i>Pegomya hyoscyami<\/i><br><b>Host crops<\/b>: Spinach, beet, sugar beet, Swiss chard, and many weeds including lamb\u2019s-quarters, chickweed, and nightshade.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--quarters\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/spinach-spinach-leafminer-1l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-spinach-leafminer-1L-396x264.jpg\" alt=\"spinach leafminer damage on leaf\" class=\"wp-image-2777\" width=\"198\" height=\"132\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-spinach-leafminer-1L-396x264.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-spinach-leafminer-1L.jpg 750w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Typical symptoms of spinach leafminer injury.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Lyndon Porter, USDA-ARS<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/spinach-spinach-leafminer-2l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-spinach-leafminer-2L-396x264.jpg\" alt=\"Closeup photo of spinach leafminer damage on leaf\" class=\"wp-image-2778\" width=\"198\" height=\"132\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-spinach-leafminer-2L-396x264.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-spinach-leafminer-2L.jpg 750w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Early symptoms of leafminer injury caused by larvae tunneling within a spinach leaf beneath the epidermis.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Lyndon Porter, USDA-ARS<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/spinach-spinach-leafminer-3l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-spinach-leafminer-3L.jpg\" alt=\"spinach leafminer injury symptoms\" class=\"wp-image-2779\" width=\"198\" height=\"149\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-spinach-leafminer-3L.jpg 750w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-spinach-leafminer-3L-396x297.jpg 396w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Severe spinach leafminer injury with numerous black faeces produced by larvae tunneling\/feeding within the leaf.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Scott Chichester, vegetable grower<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/spinach-spinach-leafminer-4l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-spinach-leafminer-4L-396x264.jpg\" alt=\"spinach leafminer eggs\" class=\"wp-image-2780\" width=\"198\" height=\"132\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-spinach-leafminer-4L-396x264.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-spinach-leafminer-4L.jpg 750w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Four white eggs of the spinach leafminer.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Lyndon Porter, USDA-ARS<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--quarters\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/spinach-spinach-leafminer-5l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-spinach-leafminer-5L.jpg\" alt=\"leafminer larva feeding within a leaf\" class=\"wp-image-2781\" width=\"198\" height=\"149\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-spinach-leafminer-5L.jpg 750w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-spinach-leafminer-5L-396x297.jpg 396w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Epidermis of the spinach leaf pulled back from a leaf mine to reveal two larvae feeding within the leaf. The small black specks within the leaf mine are faeces produced as the larvae feed.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Lyndon Porter, USDA-ARS<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/spinach-spinach-leafminer-6l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-spinach-leafminer-6L.jpg\" alt=\"spinach leafminer caused scarring\" class=\"wp-image-2782\" width=\"198\" height=\"149\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-spinach-leafminer-6L.jpg 750w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-spinach-leafminer-6L-396x297.jpg 396w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Scarring caused by the adult spinach leafminer, a fly.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Lindsey du Toit, WSU<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>Online Resources<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><a rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/pnwhandbooks.org\/insect\/vegetable\/vegetable-pests\/hosts-pests\/spinach-leafminer\" target=\"blank\">Pacific Northwest Insect Management Handbook: Spinach \u2013 Leafminer<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www2.ipm.ucanr.edu\/agriculture\/spinach\/Leafminers\/\">Spinach: Leafminers<\/a>, UC IPM Online, University of California Agriculture &amp; Natural Resources.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/hort.uwex.edu\/articles\/leafminers-vegetables\">Leafminers (vegetables)<\/a>, Wisconsin Horticulture, University of Wisconsin Cooperative Extension.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><a href=\"#home\">Return to the Top<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-color-vineyard\" id=\"mites\">Spider mites<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wsu-max-width--hero\"><strong>Common name<\/strong>: Spider mites<br><strong>Latin binomial<\/strong>:&nbsp;<em>Tetranychus<\/em>&nbsp;spp. including twospotted spider mite (<em>Tetranychus urticae<\/em>), strawberry spider mite (<em>Tetranychus turkestani<\/em>), and Pacific spider mite (<em>Tetranychus pacificus<\/em>)<br><strong>Host crops<\/strong>: Wide host range, including many vegetables such as bean,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/carrot\/#Spidermites\">carrot<\/a>&nbsp;seed crops,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/potato\/#Spidermites\">potato<\/a>, etc.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--quarters\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/spinach-spider-mite-1l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-spider-mite-1L-396x256.jpg\" alt=\"spinach leafminer damage on leaf\" class=\"wp-image-2773\" width=\"198\" height=\"128\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-spider-mite-1L-396x256.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-spider-mite-1L.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Severe spider mite infestation in a spinach seed crop.<br><strong>\t \t \t \nPhoto Source: <\/strong>Bev Gerdeman, WSU Entomologist<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/spinach-spider-mite-2l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-spider-mite-2L-396x564.jpg\" alt=\"damaged spinach leaf caused spinach leafminer\" class=\"wp-image-2774\" width=\"152\" height=\"218\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Severe spider mite infestation in a spinach seed crop.<br><strong>\t \t \t \nPhoto Source: <\/strong>Bev Gerdeman, WSU Entomologist<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/spinach-spider-mite-3l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-spider-mite-3L.jpg\" alt=\"severe spinach leafminer damage on leaf\" class=\"wp-image-2775\" width=\"148\" height=\"218\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Severe spider mite infestation in a spinach seed crop.<br><strong>\t \t \t \nPhoto Source: <\/strong>Bev Gerdeman, WSU Entomologist<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/spinach-spider-mite-4l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-spider-mite-4L-396x274.jpg\" alt=\"spinach leafminer eggs\" class=\"wp-image-2776\" width=\"198\" height=\"137\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-spider-mite-4L-396x274.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-spider-mite-4L.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Severe spider mite infestation in a spinach seed crop.<br><strong>\t \t \t \nPhoto Source: <\/strong>Bev Gerdeman, WSU Entomologist<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--quarters\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/twospotted-spider-mite-1l-2\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/twospotted-spider-mite-1L-1.jpg\" alt=\"spider mites\" class=\"wp-image-1153\" width=\"198\" height=\"149\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/twospotted-spider-mite-1L-1.jpg 800w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/twospotted-spider-mite-1L-1-396x297.jpg 396w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Two-spotted spider mite adult and eggs on a potato leaf.<br><strong>Photo Source:<\/strong> Silvia Rondon, Oregon State University<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/spider-mite-eggs-1l-2\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/spider-mite-eggs-1L-1.jpg\" alt=\"Eggs of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae.\" class=\"wp-image-1192\" width=\"198\" height=\"149\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/spider-mite-eggs-1L-1.jpg 850w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/spider-mite-eggs-1L-1-396x297.jpg 396w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Eggs of the two-spotted spider mite,<i> Tetranychus urticae.<\/i><br><strong>Photo Source:<\/strong> Silvia Rondon, Oregon State University<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>On-Line Resources<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/uspest.org\/pnw\/insects\">Carrot seed \u2013 Twospotted spider mite<\/a>. PNW Insect Management Handbook, Chapter: Vegetable Seed, Section: Carrot Seed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>See&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/diseases-pests-and-other-problems-common-to-many-vegetables\/#Spidermites\">Diseases, pests, and other problems common to many vegetables: Spider mites<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/ipm.ucanr.edu\/QT\/spidermitescard.html\">Managing spider mites in gardens and landscapes<\/a>. University of California Online Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><a href=\"#home\">Return to the Top<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-color-vineyard\" id=\"Springtails\">Springtails&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wsu-max-width--hero\"><strong>Common name<\/strong>:&nbsp;Springtails&nbsp;(subterranean types)<br><strong>Latin binomial<\/strong>: Order Collembola. There are numerous types of springtails or collembola, which are divided into two groups \u2013 subterranean springtails and surface springtails.<br><b>Host crops<\/b>: Multiple vegetables, but most damage has been reported on spinach and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/beet\/#Springtails\">beets<\/a>, primarily in heavier, organic soils during very wet, cool spring conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--quarters\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/spinach-springtails-1l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-springtails-1L-396x264.jpg\" alt=\"damaged spinach seed crop\" class=\"wp-image-2784\" width=\"198\" height=\"132\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-springtails-1L-396x264.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-springtails-1L.jpg 650w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Severe damage to a hybrid spinach seed crop caused by subterranean springtails in wet, cool spring conditions. Note the extensive areas of poor stands and stunted plants.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Lindsey du Toit, Washington State University<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/spinach-springtails-2l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-springtails-2L-396x264.jpg\" alt=\"showing range in severity of stunting\" class=\"wp-image-2785\" width=\"198\" height=\"132\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-springtails-2L-396x264.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-springtails-2L.jpg 700w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Range in severity of stunting caused by subterranean springtails in a spinach seed crop.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Lindsey du Toit, Washington State University<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/spinach-springtails-3l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-springtails-3L.jpg\" alt=\"showing severe discoloration and damage to spinach seedling roots\" class=\"wp-image-2786\" width=\"167\" height=\"218\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Severe discoloration and damage to the roots of a spinach seedling, caused by subterranean springtails.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Lindsey du Toit, Washington State University<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/spinach-springtails-4l-2\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-springtails-4L-396x264.jpg\" alt=\"injured spinach roots\" class=\"wp-image-2787\" width=\"198\" height=\"132\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-springtails-4L-396x264.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-springtails-4L.jpg 750w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Feeding injury to spinach roots by subterranean springtails.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Lindsey du Toit, Washington State University<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--quarters\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/spinach-springtails-4l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/spinach-springtails-4L-396x264.jpg\" alt=\"springtail extracted from soil in a spinach seed crop\" class=\"wp-image-657\" width=\"198\" height=\"132\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/spinach-springtails-4L-396x264.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/spinach-springtails-4L.jpg 750w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">A subterranean springtail extracted from soil in a spinach seed crop.<br><strong>\nPhoto Source:<\/strong> Lindsey du Toit, Washington State University<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/spinach-springtails-5l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/spinach-springtails-5L-396x264.jpg\" alt=\"springtail \" class=\"wp-image-658\" width=\"198\" height=\"132\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/spinach-springtails-5L-396x264.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/spinach-springtails-5L.jpg 750w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">A subterranean springtail extracted from soil in a spinach seed crop.<br><strong>\nPhoto Source:<\/strong> Lindsey du Toit, Washington State University<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>Online Resources<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/s3.wp.wsu.edu\/uploads\/sites\/2723\/2021\/08\/Springtails-in-sugarbeet-Boete-et-al-2001-NDSU-E-1205.pdf\">Springtails in Sugarbeet: Identification, Biology, and Management (pdf)<\/a>. North Dakota State University, Fargo.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sbreb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/entomology10.pdf\">Control of Subterranean Springtails in Sugarbeet Using Granular, Liquid, and Seed Treatment Insecticides (pdf)<\/a>. North Dakota State University, Fargo.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.canr.msu.edu\/fieldcropsent\/uploads\/files\/12SpringtailsBeet.pdf\">Springtail feeding on emerging crops (especially sugarbeet) (pdf)<\/a>. Michigan State University.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/cropscience.bayer.co.uk\/threats\/pest-and-slugs\/springtail\/\">Pest: Springtail<\/a>. Pest Spotter, Bayer CropScience.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Also, see&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/swiss-chard\/#Springtails\">Swiss Chard: Springtails<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><a href=\"#home\">Return to the Top<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-color-vineyard\" id=\"Wireworm\">Wireworm<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wsu-max-width--hero\"><strong>Common name&nbsp;<\/strong>(of damaging stage):&nbsp;Wireworm&nbsp;(adults are called click beetles or snapping beetles)<br><strong>Latin binomial<\/strong>:&nbsp;<em>Ctenicera&nbsp;spp.<\/em> and&nbsp;<em>Limonius&nbsp;spp.<\/em> Several kinds of wireworms are in the Pacific Northwest. Wireworms causing the most damage in irrigated areas are the Pacific Coast wireworm (<em>Limonius canus<\/em>), the sugar beet wireworm (<em>L. californicus<\/em>), the western field wireworm (<em>L. infuscatus<\/em>), and the Columbia Basin wireworm (<em>L. subauratus<\/em>). The Pacific Coast and sugar beet wireworms are the most common. Where annual rainfall is &lt;15 inches, the Great Basin wireworm (<em>Ctenicera pruinina<\/em>) may be a problem, especially when irrigated crops are grown on sagebrush or dry wheat land. This species usually disappears after a few years of irrigation, but may be replaced by <em>Limonius<\/em> spp. which are favored by moist conditions. West of the Cascades, other wireworm species are pests, including&nbsp;<em>Agriotes<\/em>&nbsp;spp.<br><b>Host crops<\/b>: All crops are susceptible to wireworm, but this pest is most destructive on&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/bean\/#Wireworm\">beans<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/carrot\/#Wireworm\">carrot<\/a>, corn, grain,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/onion-allium\/#Wireworm\">onion<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/potato\/#Wireworm\">potatoes<\/a>, spinach seed crops, and other annual crops in the PNW.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--quarters\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/potato-wireworm1l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/potato-wireworm1L-396x326.jpg\" alt=\"wireworm adult\" class=\"wp-image-567\" width=\"198\" height=\"163\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/potato-wireworm1L-396x326.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/potato-wireworm1L.jpg 467w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Adult wireworm is commonly known as a click beetle. Beetle size 3\/8 to 1\/2 inch (8\u201312 mm).<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>David Horton, USDA-ARS, Wapato<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/potato-wireworm2l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/potato-wireworm2L-396x296.jpg\" alt=\"dark orange wireworm larva\" class=\"wp-image-568\" width=\"198\" height=\"148\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/potato-wireworm2L-396x296.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/potato-wireworm2L.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Wireworm larva is dark orange or brown and mature larvae are 3\/8 to 1\/2 inch in length.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>David Horton, USDA-ARS, Wapato<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/potato-wireworm3l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/potato-wireworm3L.jpg\" alt=\"monitoring wireworm density\" class=\"wp-image-569\" width=\"198\" height=\"149\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/potato-wireworm3L.jpg 400w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/potato-wireworm3L-396x297.jpg 396w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Wireworm larvae density can be monitored with oatmeal bait.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>David Horton, USDA-ARS, Wapato<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/onion-wireworm-5l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/onion-wireworm-5L.jpg\" alt=\"Wireworm larvae\" class=\"wp-image-566\" width=\"158\" height=\"208\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Photo Source:<\/strong> Lindsey du Toit, Washington State University<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--halves\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--thirds\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/wireworm-clickbeetle-1l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"396\" height=\"667\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/wireworm-clickbeetle-1L-396x667.jpg\" alt=\"click beetle-1\" class=\"wp-image-573\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/wireworm-clickbeetle-1L-396x667.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/wireworm-clickbeetle-1L.jpg 505w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 396px) 100vw, 396px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">A click beetle of the species <i>Agriotes obscurus<\/i>, the larvae of which are wireworms.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Oregon State University \u2013<a href=\"https:\/\/osac.science.oregonstate.edu\">Oregon State Arthropod Collection<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/wireworm-clickbeetle-2l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"472\" height=\"850\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/wireworm-clickbeetle-2L.jpg\" alt=\"click beetle-2\" class=\"wp-image-571\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/wireworm-clickbeetle-2L.jpg 472w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/wireworm-clickbeetle-2L-396x713.jpg 396w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 472px) 100vw, 472px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">A click beetle of the species <i>Limonius californicus<\/i>, the larvae of which are wireworms.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Oregon State University \u2013 <a href=\"https:\/\/osac.science.oregonstate.edu\">Oregon State Arthropod Collection<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/wireworm-clickbeetle-3l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"484\" height=\"850\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/wireworm-clickbeetle-3L.jpg\" alt=\"click beetle-3\" class=\"wp-image-572\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/wireworm-clickbeetle-3L.jpg 484w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/wireworm-clickbeetle-3L-396x695.jpg 396w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 484px) 100vw, 484px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">A click beetle of the species <i>Limonius canus<\/i>, the larvae of which are wireworms.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Oregon State University \u2013 <a href=\"https:\/\/osac.science.oregonstate.edu\">Oregon State Arthropod Collection<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>Online Resources<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pnwhandbooks.org\/insect\/vegetable\/vegetable-pests\/common-vegetable\/vegetable-crop-wireworm\">Pacific NorthwestInsect Management Handbook: Vegetable crop pests \u2013 Wireworm<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/vegedge.umn.edu\/insect-pest-profiles\/wireworms\">Wireworms<\/a> VegEdge, University of Minnesota.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www2.ipm.ucanr.edu\/agriculture\/spinach\/wireworms\/\">Spinach: Wireworms<\/a>. UC IPM Online, University of California.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/s3.wp.wsu.edu\/uploads\/sites\/2723\/2021\/08\/wireworm_syngenta_booklet_2010_web.pdf\">Wireworm Field Guide (pdf)<\/a> &#8211; A guide to the identification and control of wireworms, Syngenta Crop Protection Canada, Inc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/omaf.gov.on.ca\/english\/crops\/reduceneonics.html\">Managing Wireworms in Vegetable Crops<\/a>. Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.extension.wsu.edu\/wireworm-biology-and-nonchemical-management-in-potatoes-in-the-pacific-northwest\">Wireworm Biology and Nonchemical Management in Potatoes in the Pacific Northwest<\/a>, N. Andrews, M. Ambrosino, G. Fisher, and S.I. Rondon, Pacific Northwest Extension Publication no. PNW607.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>See&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/diseases-pests-and-other-problems-common-to-many-vegetables\/#Wireworm\">Diseases, pests, and other problems common to many vegetables: Wireworm.<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><a href=\"#home\">Return to the Top<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-centered\" id=\"Abiotic\">Abiotic Problems<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Herbicide\">Herbicide Injury<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wsu-max-width--hero\"><strong>Problem<\/strong>:&nbsp;Clomazone (Command) herbicide residual carryover in spinach<br><strong>Crops affected<\/strong>: Spinach and many other crops sensitive to clomazone develop symptoms of whitening of the foliage if planted too soon after an application of the herbicide clomazone (Command). It is very important to follow crop rotation intervals recommended on the label to avoid such injury.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--quarters\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/spinach-clomazone-1l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-clomazone-1L-396x264.jpg\" alt=\"white foilage symptoms on spinach-1\" class=\"wp-image-2788\" width=\"198\" height=\"132\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-clomazone-1L-396x264.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-clomazone-1L.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Symptoms of white foliage caused by planting spinach into soil with residual clomazone herbicide from a crop grown preceding spinach.<br><strong>Photo Source:&nbsp;<\/strong>Tim Miller, Washington State University Weed Scientist<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/spinach-clomazone-2l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-clomazone-2L-396x147.jpg\" alt=\"white foilage symptoms on spinach-2\" class=\"wp-image-2789\" width=\"297\" height=\"110\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Symptoms of white foliage caused by planting spinach into soil with residual clomazone herbicide from a crop grown preceding spinach.<br><strong>Photo Source:&nbsp;<\/strong>Tim Miller, Washington State University Weed Scientist<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>Online Resources<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www2.ipm.ucanr.edu\/agriculture\/spinach\/integrated-weed-management\/\">Spinach: Integrated Weed Management<\/a>. University of California IPM Pest Management Guidelines.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.fmccrop.com\/grower\/Products\/Herbicides\/Command-3ME.aspx\">Command\u00ae 3ME<\/a>. Maufacturer&#8217;s product information page, FMC Corporation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><a href=\"#home\">Return to the Top<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-color-vineyard\" id=\"Edema\">Edema<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wsu-max-width--hero\"><strong>Common name<\/strong>:&nbsp;Edema<br><b>Cause<\/b>: A physiological problem prominent when air is cooler than the soil, soil moisture is high, and relative humidity is high. The low plant transpiration rates combined with an increase in water absorption by roots from the soil leads to increased cell turgor pressure, resulting in eruption of epidermal cells as the inner cells enlarge. Protrusion of the inner cells causes epidermal cells to die and discolor, resulting in a \u2019warty\u2019 appearance that can be misidentified as a disease. Symptoms are usually worse on the lower leaf surface and on older (lower) leaves.<br><b>Host Crops<\/b>: Numerous vegetables including spinach, brassicas, tomato, etc. Vegetables with waxy leaves, e.g., brassicas, tend to be most susceptible.<br><b>Photo Source<\/b>: Pop Vriend Seed Co.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--quarters\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/spinach-edema-1l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-edema-1L-396x502.jpg\" alt=\"Edema on Spinach\" class=\"wp-image-2790\" width=\"160\" height=\"203\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-edema-1L-396x502.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-edema-1L.jpg 1365w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Symptoms of edema on the lower surface of spinach leaves, showing burst and calloused epidermal cells.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Pop Vriend Seed Co., Holland\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/spinach-edema-2l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-edema-2L-396x566.jpg\" alt=\"Edema symptoms on Spinachleaf bottom\" class=\"wp-image-2791\" width=\"147\" height=\"203\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Symptoms of edema on the lower surface of spinach leaves, showing burst and calloused epidermal cells.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Pop Vriend Seed Co., Holland\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/spinach-edema-3l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-edema-3L-396x405.jpg\" alt=\"Edema symptoms on Spinach leaves\" class=\"wp-image-2792\" width=\"198\" height=\"203\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-edema-3L-396x405.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/Spinach-edema-3L.jpg 1545w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Symptoms of edema on the lower surface of spinach leaves, showing burst and calloused epidermal cells.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Pop Vriend Seed Co., Holland\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>Online Resources<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.udel.edu\/weeklycropupdate\/?p=5818\">University of Delaware: Edema on Cole Crop Leaves<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/ag.umass.edu\/greenhouse-floriculture\/fact-sheets\/edema-intumescence\">University of Massachusetts: Edema Spring Crops<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/msue.anr.msu.edu\/news\/what_are_these_bumps_on_my_vegetables\">What are these bumps on my vegetables?<\/a> Edema or oedema: It doesn\u2019t matter how you spell it, it still doesn\u2019t look good. What is it, what causes it and how can I prevent it? Michigan State University Extension.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><a href=\"#home\">Return to the Top<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-callout  wsu-border--add-top\" >\r\n        \n<div class=\"wsu-note\">\n\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wsu-note__title\">\n\t\t\tPDF Accessibility\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\n\n<p class=\"wsu-max-width--hero\">If you need the content provided on this site in an alternate format or for further information on the Vegetable Seed Pathology program, <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wsu-max-width--hero\">please contact:&nbsp;<strong>Lindsey du Toit at&nbsp;<a href=\"mailto:dutoit@wsu.edu\">dutoit@wsu.edu<\/a>&nbsp;or at 360-848-6140<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<section  class=\"wsu-section wsu-width--full\"  >\r\n    <div class=\"wsu-section__inner wsu-width--content\">    \n\n<p class=\"wsu-max-width--hero wsu-spacing-after--none wsu-spacing-bottom--none wsu-spacing-before--default\">Our pages provide links to external sites for the convenience of users. WSU Extension does not manage these external sites, nor does Extension review, control, or take responsibility for the content of these sites. These external sites do not implicitly or explicitly represent official positions and policies of WSU Extension.<\/p>\n\n    <\/div><\/section>\n        <div id=\"cahnrs-back-to-top\" class=\"cahnrs-back-to-top\" hidden aria-hidden=\"true\">\n            <a id=\"cahnrs-back-to-top-btn\" class=\"cahnrs-back-to-top__btn\" href=\"#product-top\" aria-label=\"Back to top\">\n                <span class=\"cahnrs-back-to-top__icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2191<\/span>\n                <span class=\"cahnrs-back-to-top__label\">Back to top<\/span>\n            <\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <div id=\"cahnrs-back-to-top\" class=\"cahnrs-back-to-top\" hidden aria-hidden=\"true\">\n            <a id=\"cahnrs-back-to-top-btn\" class=\"cahnrs-back-to-top__btn\" href=\"#product-top\" aria-label=\"Back to top\">\n                <span class=\"cahnrs-back-to-top__icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2191<\/span>\n                <span class=\"cahnrs-back-to-top__label\">Back to top<\/span>\n            <\/a>\n        <\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[action label=&quot;Insect\/Mite Pests&quot; link=&quot;https:\/\/stage.web.wsu.edu\/path-team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/spinach\/#Insect\/Mite Pests&quot; style=&quot;in-page-action&quot; ][action label=&quot;Abiotic Problems&quot; link=&quot;https:\/\/stage.web.wsu.edu\/path-team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/spinach\/#Abiotic Problems&quot; style=&quot;in-page-action&quot; ]DiseasesAnthracnose Cladosporium leaf spot Damping-off\/Seedling blight Downy mildewInsect\/Mite PestsFusarium wilt Stemphylium leaf spot Verticillium wiltLygus bugs Spinach leafminer Spider mitesSpringtails WirewormAbiotic Problems Edema&amp;hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"parent":52,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_expiration_date":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/185"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=185"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/185\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8299,"href":"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/185\/revisions\/8299"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/52"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=185"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=185"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=185"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}