{"id":114,"date":"2021-06-13T17:48:05","date_gmt":"2021-06-14T00:48:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/stage.web.wsu.edu\/path-team\/?page_id=114"},"modified":"2024-10-20T21:32:37","modified_gmt":"2024-10-21T04:32:37","slug":"cauliflower","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/brassicaceae\/cauliflower\/","title":{"rendered":"Cauliflower"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wsu-row  wsu-color-background--gray-5 wsu-row--sidebar-right\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wsu-cta \" >\n\t<a \t\t\t\t\thref=\"#General\"\t\n\t\tclass=\"wsu-button \">\n\t\t\t\n\t\tGeneral Disease Management in Cauliflower\t\t\t<\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-cta  wsu-cta--width-inline\" >\n\t<a \t\t\t\t\thref=\"#Diseases5\"\t\n\t\tclass=\"wsu-button \">\n\t\t\t\n\t\tDiseases\t\t\t<\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wsu-cta  wsu-cta--width-inline\" >\n\t<a \t\t\t\t\thref=\"#InMitPest\"\t\n\t\tclass=\"wsu-button \">\n\t\t\t\n\t\tInsect\/Mite Pests\t\t\t<\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-cta  wsu-cta--width-inline\" >\n\t<a \t\t\t\t\thref=\"#AbProb\"\t\n\t\tclass=\"wsu-button \">\n\t\t\t\n\t\tAbiotic Problems\t\t\t<\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-centered\" id=\"home\">Diseases<\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--thirds\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#Black\">Black leg<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#Club\">Club root<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#Blackrot\">Black rot<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#Ring\">Ring spot<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#Mosaic\">Cauliflower mosaic<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-centered\">Insect\/Mite Pests<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#Western\">Western flower thrips<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-centered\">Abiotic Problems<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#Boron\">Boron (B) deficiency<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">(Click on photo to enlarge)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-centered\" id=\"General\">General Disease Management in Cauliflower<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/santamariaseeds.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/Crucifer_Disease_Guide.pdf\">Crucifer Disease Guide (pdf)<\/a>&nbsp;&#8211; A Practical Guide for Seedsmen, Growers and Agricultural Advisors. Published by Seminis Vegetable Seeds, Inc.\u2019s Plant Health Department and Seed Health Departments.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wsu-max-width--hero\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/brassicaceae\/#General\">Small-Scale Cost-Effective Hot Water Seed Treatment<\/a> &#8211; Reduce the risk of seed-borne diseases, especially for organic&nbsp;<em>Brassica<\/em>&nbsp;growers.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-centered\" id=\"Diseases5\">Diseases<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-color-vineyard\" id=\"Black\">Black leg<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wsu-max-width--hero\"><strong>Disease<\/strong>:&nbsp;Black leg<br><strong>Pathogens<\/strong>:&nbsp;<i>Phoma lingam&nbsp;<\/i>(sexual stage =<i>&nbsp;Leptosphaeria maculans<\/i>)<br><strong>Host crops:<\/strong>&nbsp;Most members of the Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) = cabbage family, including&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/brassicaceae\/broccoli\/#Blackleg\">broccoli<\/a>, Brussels sprouts,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/cabbage\/#Black\">cabbage<\/a>, canola,&nbsp;various Chinese brassica vegetables, collard, kale, mizuna, mustard, oilseed rape, oilseed turnip rape, rutabaga, turnip, etc.),&nbsp;<em>Sinapis<\/em>&nbsp;(white and yellow mustard), and&nbsp;<em>Raphanus<\/em>&nbsp;(daikon and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/brassicaceae\/radish\/#Blackleg\">radish<\/a>). Several wild species exist that may be infected by&nbsp;<em>P. lingam<\/em>&nbsp;including&nbsp;<em>Descurainia&nbsp;<\/em>(tansymustard),&nbsp;<em>Sisymbrium<\/em>&nbsp;(hedge mustard), and&nbsp;<em>Thlaspi<\/em>&nbsp;(penny-cress). This is a quarantine disease in six counties in northwestern WA and all counties east of the Cascade Mountains because of the risk of this pathogen to the brassica vegetable seed industry.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--quarters\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/05cablst-hypocotyl-infection-with-pycnidia\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"396\" height=\"181\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/brassicaceae-black-leg-1L-396x181.jpg\" alt=\"hypocotyl infection with pycnidia\" class=\"wp-image-680\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/brassicaceae-black-leg-1L-396x181.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/brassicaceae-black-leg-1L.jpg 1265w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 396px) 100vw, 396px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Black leg symptoms on a cabbage seedling grown from an infested seed lot. Note the small, black fruiting bodies (pycnidia) on the hypocotyl of the seedling.<br><strong>Photo Source:<\/strong> Lindsey du Toit, Washington State University<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/05cablst-growout-trial-cotyledon-symptoms\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/brassicaceae-black-leg-2L-396x561.jpg\" alt=\"Black leg infection of a cabbage seedling\" class=\"wp-image-681\" width=\"149\" height=\"211\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/brassicaceae-black-leg-2L-396x561.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/brassicaceae-black-leg-2L.jpg 1049w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 149px) 100vw, 149px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Black leg infection of the cotyledon of a cabbage seedling grown from an infested seed lot. Note the small, black fruiting bodies (pycnidia) on the cotyledon.<br><strong>Photo Source:<\/strong> Lindsey du Toit, Washington State University<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/black-leg-oozing-pycnidia\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/brassicaceae-black-leg-3L.jpg\" alt=\"growout trial \u2013 cotyledon symptoms on a brassicaceae plant\" class=\"wp-image-682\" width=\"198\" height=\"149\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/brassicaceae-black-leg-3L.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/brassicaceae-black-leg-3L-396x297.jpg 396w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Pycnidia of Phoma lingam on the base of the stem of a Brassica rapa plant, showing pink cirrhi oozing out of each pycnidium, containing thousands of conidia. The conidia are readily splash-dispersed.<br><strong>Photo Source:<\/strong> Lindsey du Toit, Washington State University<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/brassicaceae-black-leg-4l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/brassicaceae-black-leg-4L-scaled-1.jpg\" alt=\"Black leg symptoms at stem of an infected plant\" class=\"wp-image-683\" width=\"198\" height=\"149\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/brassicaceae-black-leg-4L-scaled-1.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/brassicaceae-black-leg-4L-scaled-1-396x297.jpg 396w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Black leg lesion at the base of the stem of an infected plant from a <i>Brassica rapa <\/i>seed crop. Note the small, black pycnidia embedded in the lesion.<br><strong>Photo Source:<\/strong> Cynthia Ocamb, Oregon State University<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--quarters\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/phoma-leaf-spot-cindy-ocamb\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/brassicaceae-black-leg-5L-scaled-1-396x296.jpg\" alt=\"Phoma leaf spot \u2013 Cindy Ocamb\" class=\"wp-image-684\" width=\"198\" height=\"148\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Phoma leaf spot lesion with tiny, black pycnidia present in the necrotic, circular lesion, surrounded by a narrow, chlorotic (yellow) halo.<br><strong>Photo Source:<\/strong> Lindsey du Toit, Washington State University<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/phoma-lingam-seed-assay-cauliflower-19x\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/brassicaceae-black-leg-6L-396x294.jpg\" alt=\"Phoma lingam seed assay\" class=\"wp-image-2188\" width=\"198\" height=\"147\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Black pycnidia of the black leg fungus,<i> Phoma lingam<\/i>, on an infected cauliflower seed. Note the amethyst-colored cirrhi (gelatinous matrix) oozing from the pycnidia, which indicates the strain of the pathogen is virulent (able to cause Phoma leaf spot or black leg of brassicas).<br><strong>Photo Source:<\/strong> Lindsey du Toit, Washington State University<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>On-Line Resources<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/nkaHFrE_1D4?list=PL2293EFB3CF9C70E4\">Video: Blackleg Disease and Resistance Management. Published by the Canola Council of Canada.<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pnwhandbooks.org\/plantdisease\/host-disease\/cabbage-cauliflower-brassica-sp-black-leg-phoma-stem-canker\">Pacific Northwest Plant Disease Management Handbook: Cabbage and Cauliflower (<em>Brassica&nbsp;<\/em>sp.)-Black Leg and Phoma Root Rot<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pnwhandbooks.org\/plantdisease\/host-disease\/seed-crop-crucifers-brassica-raphanus-spp-black-leg\">Pacific Northwest Plant Disease Management Handbook:&nbsp;<\/a>Seed Crop, Crucifers (Brassica and Raphanus spp.)-Black Leg.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/s3.wp.wsu.edu\/uploads\/sites\/2723\/2021\/06\/Black-leg-in-Brassiceae-2014-2-pp-alert-6-12-14.pdf\">Black leg in Brassicaceae crops and wild crucifers: 2014 outbreak in the Willamette Valley of Oregon (pdf)<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/s3.wp.wsu.edu\/uploads\/sites\/2723\/2021\/06\/Crucifer_mtg-OSU_NWREC-CindyOcamb-9Sep2014.pdf\">Black Leg, Light Leaf Spot, and White Leaf Spot (pdf)<\/a>, Cynthia Ocamb, PhD., Plant Pathologist, OSU Extension, Associate Professor&#8211;Botany &amp; Plant Pathology.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/s3.wp.wsu.edu\/uploads\/sites\/2723\/2021\/06\/CruciferMtgOSU-NWREC-9112014-DavidPriebe-ODA.pdf\">Fungicides for Control of Black Leg (pdf)<\/a>, David Priebe, Pesticides Program, Oregon Department of Agriculture.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wsu-max-width--hero\"><strong>Addressing Blackleg in the Willamette Valley:&nbsp;<\/strong>Oregon Department of Agriculture permanent ruling released on black leg of brassicaceae in January 2015 \u2013 see the Brassica Production Districts document, and the OSDA Permanent Ruling document titled \u2018Crucifer blackleg disease requirements moved into one regulation; removes same requirements from rapeseed production districts,\u2019 below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/s3.wp.wsu.edu\/uploads\/sites\/2723\/2021\/06\/603-2015113Permanent.pdf\">Oregon Secretary of State Certificate and Order for Filing (pdf)<\/a>&nbsp;&#8211; PERMANENT ADMINISTRATIVE RULES: Crucifer blackleg disease requirements moved into one regulation; removes same requirements from rapeseed production districts.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/s3.wp.wsu.edu\/uploads\/sites\/2723\/2021\/06\/OAR603-052-0860thru0888and0921_01132015.pdf\">Brassicaceae Production Districts and Rapeseed Control Areas (pdf)<\/a>&nbsp;(603-052-0860), Oregon Department of Agriculture.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/s3.wp.wsu.edu\/uploads\/sites\/2723\/2021\/06\/Clinic-closeup-Black-leg-management-in-Brassica-seed-crops-and-oilseed-Jan-2015-version-II-2.pdf\">Management of Black Leg in Oregon on Brassica seed crops (pdf)<\/a>, a Clinic Close-up, Oregon State University Extension Service.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/s3.wp.wsu.edu\/uploads\/sites\/2723\/2021\/06\/Clinic-closeup-Black-leg-management-in-Brassica-vegetable-seed-Jan-2015-version-II.pdf\">Management of Black Leg in Oregon on Vegetable Brassica Crops and Seed Crops (pdf)<\/a>, a Clinic Close-up, Oregon State University Extension Service.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><a href=\"#home\">Return to the Top<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-color-vineyard\" id=\"Blackrot\">Black rot<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wsu-max-width--hero\"><strong>Disease<\/strong>:&nbsp;Black rot<br><strong>Pathogens<\/strong>:&nbsp;<em>Xanthomonas campestris<\/em>&nbsp;<em>pv.<\/em>&nbsp;<em>campestris<\/em><br><b>Host crops<\/b>: Most members of the Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) = cabbage family, including&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/brassicaceae\/broccoli\/#Blackrot\">broccoli<\/a>, Brussels sprouts,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/cabbage\/#Blackrot\">cabbage<\/a>, canola,&nbsp;cauliflower, various Chinese brassica vegetables, collard, kale, mizuna, mustard, oilseed rape, oilseed turnip rape, rutabaga, turnip, etc.),<em>&nbsp;Sinapis<\/em>&nbsp;(white and yellow mustard), and&nbsp;<em>Raphanus&nbsp;<\/em>(daikon and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/brassicaceae\/radish\/#Blackrot\">radish<\/a>). Most&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/brassicaceae\/brassicaceae-cruciferous-weeds\/#Blackrot\">wild species<\/a>&nbsp;can be infected by this pathogen. This is a quarantine disease in parts of six counties in northwestern Washington because of the risk of this pathogen to the brassica vegetable seed industry.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--quarters\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/black-rot1l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"396\" height=\"277\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/black-rot1L-396x277.jpg\" alt=\"symptoms of Cabbage black rot-1\" class=\"wp-image-700\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/black-rot1L-396x277.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/black-rot1L.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 396px) 100vw, 396px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Cabbage black rot symptoms of marginal chlorosis and v-shaped lesions extending into the leaf.<br><strong>Photo Source:<\/strong> Mike Derie, Washington State University<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/black-rot2l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"396\" height=\"277\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/black-rot2L-396x277.jpg\" alt=\"symptoms of Cabbage black rot-2\" class=\"wp-image-701\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/black-rot2L-396x277.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/black-rot2L.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 396px) 100vw, 396px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Cabbage stem showing blackening of the vascular tissue caused by the black rot pathogen,<i> Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris<\/i>.<br><strong>Photo Source:<\/strong> Mike Derie, Washington State University<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/black-rot3l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"396\" height=\"277\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/black-rot3L-396x277.jpg\" alt=\"symptoms of Cabbage black rot-3\" class=\"wp-image-702\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/black-rot3L-396x277.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/black-rot3L.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 396px) 100vw, 396px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Dieback and wilting of cabbage plants following a severe outbreak of black rot.<br><strong>Photo Source:<\/strong> Mike Derie, Washington State University<br>          <br><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--quarters\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/black-rot4l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/black-rot4L-396x615.jpg\" alt=\"symptoms of Cabbage black rot-4\" class=\"wp-image-703\" width=\"139\" height=\"217\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/black-rot4L-396x615.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/black-rot4L.jpg 824w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 139px) 100vw, 139px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Blackening of the veins of a cabbage leaf following inoculation with the black rot pathogen,<i> Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris.<\/i>\n<br><strong>Photo Source:<\/strong> Lindsey du Toit, Washington State University<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/black-rot5l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/black-rot5L.jpg\" alt=\"symptoms of Cabbage black rot-5\" class=\"wp-image-704\" width=\"198\" height=\"175\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/black-rot5L.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/black-rot5L-396x349.jpg 396w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Severe blackening of the veins of a cabbage leaf infected with <i>Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris.<\/i><br><strong>Photo Source:<\/strong> Lindsey du Toit, Washington State University<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/black-rot6l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/black-rot6L-396x322.jpg\" alt=\"symptoms of Cabbage black rot-6\" class=\"wp-image-705\" width=\"198\" height=\"161\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/black-rot6L-396x322.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/black-rot6L.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Wilting of a cabbage leaf infected with <i>Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris<\/i>.<br><strong>Photo Source:<\/strong> Lindsey du Toit, Washington State University<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/7-and-8\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/7-and-8-e1625978307508-396x361.jpg\" alt=\"symptoms of Cabbage black rot-7\" class=\"wp-image-709\" width=\"198\" height=\"181\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/7-and-8-e1625978307508-396x361.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/7-and-8-e1625978307508.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Symptoms of leaf spot caused by<i>  Xanthomonas campestris pv. armoraciae <\/i>(left) and <i>X. campestris pv. raphani <\/i>(right), two bacterial pathogens closely related to the black rot pathogen,<i> X. campestris pv. campestris.<\/i><br><strong>Photo Source:<\/strong> Lindsey du Toit, Washington State University<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>Online Resources<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pnwhandbooks.org\/plantdisease\/host-disease\/cabbage-cauliflower-brassica-sp-black-rot\">Cabbage and Cauliflower (Brassica sp.)-Black Rot<\/a>, Pacific Northwest Handbooks, a Pacific Northwest Extension Publication.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/vegetablemdonline.ppath.cornell.edu\/factsheets\/Crucifers_BR.htm\">Black Rot of Crucifers<\/a>, Fact Sheet, Cooperative Extension, New York State, Cornell University.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.growingproduce.com\/vegetables\/field-scouting-guide-black-rot-of-brassicas\/\">Field Scouting Guide: Black Rot of Brassicas<\/a>, Growing Produce, Meister Media Worldwide\u2019s Horticulture Group.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/eorganic.org\/node\/4957\">Managing Black Rot of Cabbage and other Crucifer Crops in Organic Farming Systems<\/a>, eOrganic, eXtension Foundation (extension.org).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/ag.umass.edu\/vegetable\/fact-sheets\/brassicas-black-rot\">Brassicas, Black Rot<\/a>, UMass Extension vegetable Program Fact Sheet, Center for Agriculture, Food and the Environment, College of Natural Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><a href=\"#home\">Return to the Top<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-color-vineyard\" id=\"Mosaic\">Cauliflower mosaic<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"collapse_bottom\"><strong>Disease<\/strong>:&nbsp;Cauliflower mosaic<br><strong>Pathogen<\/strong>:&nbsp;<em>Cauliflower mosaic virus<\/em>&nbsp;(CaMV)<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--quarters\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/dg141l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/dg141L.jpg\" alt=\"mosaic virus on cauliflower\" class=\"wp-image-1100\" width=\"166\" height=\"249\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/dg141L.jpg 400w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/dg141L-396x594.jpg 396w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 166px) 100vw, 166px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>L.J. du Toit<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/dg142l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/dg142L-396x264.jpg\" alt=\"mosaic virus on cauliflower plants\" class=\"wp-image-1101\" width=\"198\" height=\"132\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/dg142L-396x264.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/dg142L.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>L.J. du Toit<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/dg143l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/dg143L-396x264.jpg\" alt=\"close up of mosaic virus on cauliflower\" class=\"wp-image-1102\" width=\"198\" height=\"132\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/dg143L-396x264.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/dg143L.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>L.J. du Toit<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>On-Line Resources<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dpvweb.net\/notes\/showgenus\/?genus=Caulimovirus\">Notes on Genus: Caulimovirus<\/a> &#8211; Descriptions of Plant Viruses.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cauliflower_mosaic_virus\">Cauliflower mosaic virus&nbsp;(CaMV)<\/a> &#8211; WIKIPEDIA.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.seminis-us.com\/resources\/disease-guides\/crucifer\/cauliflower-mosaic\/\">Cauliflower mosaic<\/a> &#8211; Seminis.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><a href=\"#home\">Return to the Top<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-color-vineyard\" id=\"Club\">Club root<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"collapse_bottom\"><strong>Disease<\/strong>:&nbsp;Club root<br><strong>Pathogen<\/strong>:&nbsp;<em>Plasmodiophora bassicae<\/em><br><b>Host crops<\/b>:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/brassicaceae\/broccoli\/#Clubroot\">Broccoli<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/cabbage\/#Clubroot\">cabbage<\/a>, cauliflower,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/brassicaceae\/brassicaceae-cruciferous-weeds\/#Clubroot\">brassicaceae (cruciferous) weeds<\/a>, and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/brassicaceae\/radish\/#Clubroot\">radish<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--quarters\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/dg140l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/dg140L-396x217.jpg\" alt=\"club root on cauliflower\" class=\"wp-image-1104\" width=\"198\" height=\"109\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/dg140L-396x217.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/dg140L.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Diseased plant on left; healthy on right.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>W. A. Anderson<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>On-Line Resources<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pnwhandbooks.org\/plantdisease\/host-disease\/cabbage-cauliflower-brassica-sp-clubroot\">Pacific Northwest Plant Disease Management Handbook: Cabbage and Cauliflower (Brassica) \u2013 Clubroot<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clubroot\">Clubroot<\/a>. Wikipedia.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vri.org.nz\/dmsdocument\/140-a0019406-1995-control-of-clubroot-in-vegetable-brassicas-copy\">Clubroot of vegetable brassicas \u2013 towards integrated control. New Zealand Institute for Crop &amp; Food Research Ltd<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vegetables.cornell.edu\/pest-management\/disease-factsheets\/clubroot-of-crucifers\/\">Clubroot of Crucifers<\/a>. The Ohio State University Extension.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/s3.wp.wsu.edu\/uploads\/sites\/2723\/2021\/07\/11CCC2791-Clubroot-Sanitation-Guide-r3-LR1.pdf\">Managing Clubroot: Equipment Sanitation Guide (pdf)<\/a>. Canola Council of Canada.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.canolawatch.org\/2013\/06\/26\/top-10-tips-from-the-2013-international-clubroot-workshop\/\">Top 10 tips from the 2013 International Clubroot Workshop (pdf)<\/a>. Canola Watch, Canola Council of Canada.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>See&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/diseases-pests-and-other-problems-common-to-many-vegetables\/#Clubroot\">Diseases, pests, and other problems common to many vegetables: Clubroot of brassica vegetables<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><a href=\"#home\">Return to the Top<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-color-vineyard\" id=\"Ring\">Ring spot<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"collapse_bottom\"><strong>Disease<\/strong>: Ring spot<br><strong>Pathogen<\/strong>:&nbsp;<em>Mycosphaerella brassicicola<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--quarters\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/dg4l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/dg4L.jpg\" alt=\"ring spot on cauliflower\" class=\"wp-image-954\" width=\"173\" height=\"259\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/dg4L.jpg 400w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/dg4L-396x594.jpg 396w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 173px) 100vw, 173px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Photo Source:<\/strong> D.A. Inglis<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/dg3l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/dg3L-396x264.jpg\" alt=\"close up view of ring spot on cauliflower\" class=\"wp-image-953\" width=\"198\" height=\"132\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/dg3L-396x264.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/dg3L.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Photo Source:<\/strong> D.A. Inglis<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>On-Line Resources<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pnwhandbooks.org\/plantdisease\/host-disease\/cabbage-cauliflower-brassica-sp-ring-spot-black-blight\">Pacific Northwest Plant Disease Management Handbook: Cabbage and Cauliflower (Brassica) \u2013 Ring spot (Black Blight)<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><a href=\"#home\">Return to the Top<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-centered\" id=\"InMitPest\">Insect\/Mite Pests<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-color-vineyard\" id=\"Western\">Western flower thrips<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"collapse_bottom wsu-max-width--hero\"><strong>Common name<\/strong>:&nbsp;Western flower thrips<br><strong>Latin binomial<\/strong>:&nbsp;<i>Frankliniella occidentalis<\/i>.<br><strong>Host Crops<\/strong>: <a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/basil\/#Thrips\">Basil<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/brassicaceae\/broccoli\/#Western\">Broccoli<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/cabbage\/#Western\">Cabbage<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/cabbage.htm#thrips\">,<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/cucurbits\/cucumber\/#Western\">Cucumber<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/onion-allium\/#Thrips\">Onion<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/potato\/#thrips\">Potato<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/cabbage.htm#thrips\">,<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/cucurbits\/pumpkin\/#thrips\">Pumpkin<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/cabbage.htm#thrips\">,<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/cucurbits\/squash\/#thrips\">Squash<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/cabbage.htm#thrips\">,<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/tomato\/#thrips\">Tomato<\/a>&nbsp;and <a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/cucurbits\/watermelon\/#thrips\">Watermelon<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--quarters\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/cucumber-western-flower-thrips1l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/cucumber-Western-flower-thrips1L-396x248.jpg\" alt=\"adult Western flower thrips-1\" class=\"wp-image-1052\" width=\"198\" height=\"124\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/cucumber-Western-flower-thrips1L-396x248.jpg 396w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/cucumber-Western-flower-thrips1L.jpg 468w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Adult Western flower thrips are minute (less than 1\/8 inch long) narrow-bodied insects that range from straw to dark yellowish-brown in color. Their four wings are very narrow and characterized by long fringed hairs.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Michael Bush, WSU Extension, Yakima, WA<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/cucumber-western-flower-thrips2l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/cucumber-Western-flower-thrips2L.jpg\" alt=\"immature Western flower thips\" class=\"wp-image-1053\" width=\"170\" height=\"124\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Immature Western flower thrips resemble the adults but are smaller, wingless and translucent yellow in color. There are multiple generations per year and thrips may invade vegetable fields when alternate flowering plants dry up in the summer or when an adjacent host crop is harvested.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Michael Bush, WSU Extension, Yakima, WA<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>On-Line Resources<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/uspest.org\/pnw\/insects\">Pacific Northwest Insect Management Handbook<\/a>. Chapter: Vegetables, Section: Broccoli, Cabbage, other Crucifers.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/hortsense.cahnrs.wsu.edu\/fact-sheet\/broccoli-cole-crops-thrips\/\">Vegetables: Broccoli, Cole crops: Thrips<\/a>, Washington State University Hortsense.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/uspest.org\/potato\/thrips.pdf\">Western Flower Thrips Thysanoptera: Thripidae&nbsp;Frankiniella occidentalis (pdf)<\/a>,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>See&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/diseases-pests-and-other-problems-common-to-many-vegetables\/#thrips\">Diseases, pests, and other problems common to many vegetables: Western flower thrips<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><a href=\"#home\">Return to the Top<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-centered\" id=\"AbProb\">Abiotic Problems<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-heading--mark-color-vineyard\" id=\"Boron\">Boron (B) deficiency<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wsu-max-width--hero\"><strong>Problem<\/strong>:&nbsp;Boron (B) deficiency<br><strong>Crops affected<\/strong>: Most crops can develop symptoms of boron (B) deficiency. Brassica or cole crops have moderate to high B requirements. B deficient cole crops can develop cracked, corky stems, as well as petioles and midribs. Broccoli, cabbage and cauliflower stems may become hollow and discolored. Cauliflower curds may turn brown and leaves roll and curl. Cabbage heads may be smaller than normal and discolored yellow. Cauliflower is the most sensitive of cole crops to B deficiency.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--quarters\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/broccoli-boron-deficiency-1l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/broccoli-boron-deficiency-1L.jpg\" alt=\"Boron deficiency symptoms\" class=\"wp-image-991\" width=\"198\" height=\"149\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/broccoli-boron-deficiency-1L.jpg 900w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/broccoli-boron-deficiency-1L-396x297.jpg 396w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Boron deficiency in broccoli can cause external corkiness and scarring of the main stem, and hollowing of the stem internally.<br><strong>Photo Source:<\/strong> Gail Ruhl, Purdue University Plant and Pest Diagnostic Lab<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/broccoli-boron-deficiency-2l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/broccoli-boron-deficiency-2L.jpg\" alt=\"internal Boron deficiency\" class=\"wp-image-992\" width=\"198\" height=\"149\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/broccoli-boron-deficiency-2L.jpg 900w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/broccoli-boron-deficiency-2L-396x297.jpg 396w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Boron deficiency in broccoli can cause external corkiness and scarring of the main stem, and hollowing of the stem internally.<br><strong>Photo Source:<\/strong> Gail Ruhl, Purdue University Plant and Pest Diagnostic Lab<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/broccoli-boron-deficiency-3l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/broccoli-boron-deficiency-3L-scaled-1.jpg\" alt=\"Boron deficiency in broccoli stem\" class=\"wp-image-993\" width=\"166\" height=\"221\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/broccoli-boron-deficiency-3L-scaled-1.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/broccoli-boron-deficiency-3L-scaled-1-396x528.jpg 396w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 166px) 100vw, 166px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Boron deficiency in broccoli can cause external corkiness and scarring of the main stem, and hollowing of the stem internally.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Lindsey du Toit, Washington State University<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/broccoli-boron-deficiency-4l\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/31\/broccoli-boron-deficiency-4L-scaled-1.jpg\" alt=\"Boron deficiency in broccoli main stem\" class=\"wp-image-994\" width=\"156\" height=\"214\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Boron deficiency in broccoli can cause external corkiness and scarring of the main stem, and hollowing of the stem internally.<br><strong>Photo Source: <\/strong>Lindsey du Toit, Washington State University<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>Online Resources<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.udel.edu\/weeklycropupdate\/?p=15686\">Boron Deficiencies in Cole Crops<\/a>, University of Delaware Extension.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ipmimages.org\/browse\/subimages.cfm?sub=18132\">Boron Deficiency<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.spectrumanalytic.com\/support\/library\/ff\/B_Basics.htm\">Boron<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/s3.wp.wsu.edu\/uploads\/sites\/2723\/2021\/07\/Boron-mobility-in-plants-Brown-and-Shelp-1997-Plant-and-Soil-193_85-101.pdf\">Boron mobility in plants (pdf)<\/a>.&nbsp;Chapter 7 from the book Plant and Soil by Patrick H. Brown, Department of Pomology, University of California, Davis and Barry J. Shelp, Department of Horticultural<br>Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/s3.wp.wsu.edu\/uploads\/sites\/2723\/2021\/07\/Boron-Deficiency-Symptoms-Borax-Bulletin.pdf\">Boron Deficiency Symptoms (pdf)<\/a>&nbsp;U.S. Borax Corp.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/s3.wp.wsu.edu\/uploads\/sites\/2723\/2021\/07\/Boron-in-Soils-Plant-Nutrition-US-Borax-publication.pdf\">Boron in vegetables (pdf)<\/a>&nbsp;U.S. Borax Corp.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><a href=\"#home\">Return to the Top<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-callout  wsu-border--add-top\" >\r\n        \n<div class=\"wsu-note\">\n\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wsu-note__title\">\n\t\t\tPDF Accessibility\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\n\n<p class=\"wsu-max-width--hero\">If you need the content provided on this site in an alternate format or for further information on the Vegetable Seed Pathology program, <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wsu-max-width--hero\">please contact:&nbsp;<strong>Lindsey du Toit at&nbsp;<a href=\"mailto:dutoit@wsu.edu\">dutoit@wsu.edu<\/a>&nbsp;or at 360-848-6140<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n        <div id=\"cahnrs-back-to-top\" class=\"cahnrs-back-to-top\" hidden aria-hidden=\"true\">\n            <a id=\"cahnrs-back-to-top-btn\" class=\"cahnrs-back-to-top__btn\" href=\"#product-top\" aria-label=\"Back to top\">\n                <span class=\"cahnrs-back-to-top__icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2191<\/span>\n                <span class=\"cahnrs-back-to-top__label\">Back to top<\/span>\n            <\/a>\n        <\/div>\n\n<section  class=\"wsu-section wsu-width--full\"  >\r\n    <div class=\"wsu-section__inner wsu-width--content\">    \n\n<p class=\"wsu-max-width--hero wsu-spacing-after--none wsu-spacing-bottom--none wsu-spacing-before--default\">Our pages provide links to external sites for the convenience of users. WSU Extension does not manage these external sites, nor does Extension review, control, or take responsibility for the content of these sites. These external sites do not implicitly or explicitly represent official positions and policies of WSU Extension.<\/p>\n\n    <\/div><\/section>\n        <div id=\"cahnrs-back-to-top\" class=\"cahnrs-back-to-top\" hidden aria-hidden=\"true\">\n            <a id=\"cahnrs-back-to-top-btn\" class=\"cahnrs-back-to-top__btn\" href=\"#product-top\" aria-label=\"Back to top\">\n                <span class=\"cahnrs-back-to-top__icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2191<\/span>\n                <span class=\"cahnrs-back-to-top__label\">Back to top<\/span>\n            <\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <div id=\"cahnrs-back-to-top\" class=\"cahnrs-back-to-top\" hidden aria-hidden=\"true\">\n            <a id=\"cahnrs-back-to-top-btn\" class=\"cahnrs-back-to-top__btn\" href=\"#product-top\" aria-label=\"Back to top\">\n                <span class=\"cahnrs-back-to-top__icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2191<\/span>\n                <span class=\"cahnrs-back-to-top__label\">Back to top<\/span>\n            <\/a>\n        <\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[action label=&quot;General Disease Management&quot; link=&quot;https:\/\/stage.web.wsu.edu\/path-team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/brassicaceae\/cauliflower\/#General&quot; style=&quot;in-page-action&quot; ][action label=&quot;Insect\/Mite Pests&quot; link=&quot;https:\/\/stage.web.wsu.edu\/path-team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/brassicaceae\/cauliflower\/#Insect\/Mite Pests&quot; style=&quot;in-page-action&quot; ][action label=&quot;Abiotic Problems&quot; link=&quot;https:\/\/stage.web.wsu.edu\/path-team\/photo-gallery-of-vegetable-problems\/brassicaceae\/cauliflower\/#Abiotic Problems&quot; style=&quot;in-page-action&quot; ]DiseasesBlack Leg Club rootBlack rot Ring SpotCauliflower MosaicInsect\/Mite Pests Western flower thrips Abiotic Problems Boron (B) deficiency(Click&amp;hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"parent":95,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_expiration_date":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/114"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=114"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/114\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8183,"href":"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/114\/revisions\/8183"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/95"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=114"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=114"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mtvernon.wsu.edu\/path_team\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=114"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}